Gịnị bụ Arctic na Antarctic? Ókè nke Arctic. The nke ebe Arctic. The ala ọnọdụ nke Arctic

N'isiokwu a anyị chọrọ ikwu okwu banyere ihe bụ Arctic. Ndị ogologo gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu, dị ka a na-achị, ozugbo nwere obere ka na-agwa anyị banyere ya. Ka anyị na-echeta a akwụkwọ ọdịdị ala N'ezie.

Gịnị bụ Arctic na Antarctic?

Ma ndị a na okwu pụtara akụkụ nke ụwa, nke dị nso na okporo osisi ya. Naanị otu n'ime ndị a n'akụkụ bụ North osisi, na ndị ọzọ na - na South. Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ bụ ihe ijuanya, na-efu na okwu. Na ihe niile n'ihi na okwu yiri na ụda, ma ka otu mgbọrọgwụ.

The Arctic na Antarctic bụ okwu Grik si malite, kama, ndị Gris oge ochie. Ndabere nke okwu - na mgbọrọgwụ "Arktos" pụtara bear. Gịnị mere na ọ a bear?

Yikarịrị, ikpe na mbara igwe. N'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị nke ìgwè kpakpando a na-akpọ aha ndị dike nke akụkọ ifo ndị Gris: Centaur, Orion, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Taurus, Cepheus. Gụnyere Little dipper na Big. Ya mere, ọ bụ na ndị ìgwè kpakpando nke Ursa Minor bụ North Star, nke bụ ihe fọrọ na North osisi. Kpakpando a pinpoints ugwu direction na Ụwa (ugwu).

Ebe aha

Ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche na aha na-ewepụtara dị ka ndị a. Kohl Polar Star dị na Ursa Minor na Ursa - Arktos ọ na-egosi ndị na-achị ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, a na Arctic. Ọ na-enyo na Arctic - ugwu Earth.

Ma Antarctica na aha ya bụ, dị ka iwu si of N'asusu Grik, nke na-abụghị uru nwere nganiihu "mgbochi". Ebe a bụ na e nwere ihe ọtụtụ ndị chere banyere mmalite nke aha nke Arctic na Antarctic.

Arctic

Ya mere, ihe bụ Arctic? Ọ bụ otu ebe ala n'akụkụ aka North osisi. Ọ na-agụnye ndị continental oke nke North America, Eurasia, fọrọ nke nta dum Arctic Ocean na agwaetiti ahụ, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ebe nke Pacific na Atlantic oké osimiri. Site n'ebe ndịda ókè nke Arctic bụ omenala ẹkenịmde ke Arctic gburugburu. Ọ bụ 66 degrees na 33 nkeji ugwu ohere. Na nke a, anyị nwere ike ikwu na Arctic ebe nke nde mmadụ 21 square kilomita.

The ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Arctic a obere softer karịa Antarctic n'ihi na ọ na-akwalite ebili mmiri.

Antarctic

Antarctica - bụ ndịda pola akụkụ nke ụwa, nke bụ n'akụkụ aka South osisi ma na-agụnye Antarctica na akụkụ nke Indian, Atlantic, Pacific. The ọnọdụ ihu igwe na Antarctica ndị ọzọ siri ike. Ọ bụ ebe obibi penguins.

Arctic ókè

Olee ebe ndị na nsọtụ ma ọ bụ na-amalite Arctic? Arctic ókè bụ omenala ẹkenịmde, dị ka anyị kwuru, na Northern nso. Ma mgbe oyi na-atụ (arctic) ọnọdụ na-egosi na a ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ southerly mpaghara. Mgbe ahụ, na-echebara ndị ebe nke Arctic ebe abịa 27 nde square kilomita. Ya mere, ọ ga-akpali na ya ókè.

Arctic mpaghara - a bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu region, n'agbanyeghị nke aka ike Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe. Ebe a na-lekwasị nnukwu mee nke minerals: silver, diamond, gold, chromium, site na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. The ala ọnọdụ nke Arctic dugara eziokwu na ọ bụ ole na ole akụkụ nke ụwa, nke mere nnọọ nọgidere na-akpatụbeghị aka mee nke hydrocarbon na ịnweta ngwaọrụ. Ọzọkwa, n'ógbè bụ ọgaranya mmanụ na gas.

Ọ ga-kwuru na ókè ebe ndịda nke Arctic omenala ẹkenịmde (otu) na n'ebe ndịda nke tundra.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ọ bụ nnọọ ihe na-akpali na ọtụtụ mpaghara. Na-ekwu okwu banyere ebe ókè nke ala Arctic, ọ bụ mee ka a ogologo oge. Ọ bụghị otú ahụ dị mfe.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ a dị iche iche na mpaghara, ma ókè nke Arctic rụrụ ụzọ dị iche iche. On otu n'ime nhọrọ anyị ekwuola. Ọ bụ 66 degrees na 33 nkeji ugwu ohere. E. Ókè nke Arctic bụ omenala ẹkenịmde ke Arctic gburugburu. N'ebe ugwu nke a ohere na-edebe-akpali onu na ka pola ụbọchị na polar n'abalị. Na na pụtara na mpaghara ke ndaeyo anyanwụ adịghị edo a oge, na mgbe ụfọdụ anyanwụ mgbe adahade ke oyi. Ebe a bụ oké mma.

Na okwu nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ókè nke Arctic ẹkenịmde n'ókèala, ebe nkezi July okpomọkụ adịghị gafere iri degrees. Ihe na-akpali bụ eziokwu bụ na nke a bụ ịgba nke ahịhịa n'ihi osisi n'ebe ugwu na o siri ike na-adị ndụ.

Ihu Igwe na ala ókè nke Arctic bụ omenala ẹkenịmde ke iche iche ebe. Ebe a, n'ihi na ihe atụ, Iceland bụ ọma n'ebe ndịda nke Arctic gburugburu, ma o e July okpomọkụ adịghị gafere 10 degrees.

Ụwa Arctic

Arctic n'ókèala, ma ọ bụ kama, ya ala, ebe 14 nde square kilomita. Ala a iso nke oké ugwu ojiji nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-ekwu. Ọ bụ Russia, Greenland, Canada, USA, Norway, Iceland, Finland na Sweden.

The ala ọnọdụ nke Arctic na rụpụtara ihe dị otú ahụ na-akpali ọnọdụ. M ga-asị na Canada na Russian Federation bụ nke ukwuu (80%), United States - 4 percent, na Scandinavian mba kpaliri banyere iri percent. The atọ nke region - a bụ Arctic Ocean, nke washes ndị North osisi. Kasị nke afọ ya na-kpuchie na ice.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ nnọọ ihe dị mkpa, dị ka ókè nke ala Arctic omenala ẹkenịmde si obodo echiche, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere iche iche akụkụ ya dị iche iche ná mba. Nke a na ebe nwere ike kere n'ime ala na mpaghara: na Russian mpaghara, Canada ebe, Alaska, Greenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland na Fennoscandia.

Na Arctic, Russia bụ nke Kolguev (Island), North ụwa, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, na New Siberia Islands, Wrangel, wdg Ke adianade do, Russian Arctic mpaghara bụ nke na-ezughị ezu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-esonụ ebe: .. Sakha Republic, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk , Chukotka District, Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets na Taimyr dịịrị banye na mmiri.

Gịnị ka ọ bụ dị ka na Arctic?

Ekwu okwu banyere ihe bụ Arctic, m chọrọ iji mara na ọ bụghị ihe dị na snow ice, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị na-eche. N'ezie, fauna na osisi nke na mpaghara a bụ nnọọ pụrụ iche. Subarctic na arctic desert bi dịkarịa ala 20,000 dị iche iche ụdị osisi, dịkwa ka usoro ha, na ụmụ anụmanụ na microorganisms. Ọ bụ ebe obibi pụrụ iche ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na-eto, a na-adịghị hụrụ n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ na Earth. Ọbụna ndị dị otú ahụ aka ike na gburugburu na-n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba maka okike na nchekwa umu. The idụhe nke ndị a latitudes adabara ebe obibi maka ụfọdụ ụdị fauna na osisi. Ka ihe atụ, na Arctic bụ 25% nke umu nke iji salmonids, banyere 12% nke lichens na mosses 6%.

Kwesịrị ịdị, na ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi dị nnọọ n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị na-ekesa eke ebe. Ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka bi ebe a, ka elu ọkara nke umu di iche iche nke uwa. Oddly ezu, ma ndị kasị adịte bụ ébé na ijiji, nke na-enwe ike idi okpomọkụ ruo mwepu iri isii degrees. Bumblebees na anwụnta Arctic mịa obodo okooko osisi, na eziokwu na e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta dịghị aṅụ. Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, na Arctic - ọ bụghị a na-adịghị ndụ na mpaghara, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị kweere.

Na echiche nke ndị mmadụ echiche na ókè-ala nke Arctic na-ahụkarị na-akọrọ ndị permafrost, na ndị nkịtị n'ụwa, ma na eziokwu na ọ bụghị otú ahụ. Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, ndụ bụ ọbụna aka ike na gburugburu.

osisi ụwa

N'ihi na osisi na-ahụkarị nke aghara na-akwanyere ndị ndịda (Asian na American) osisi nke Arctic na relic. On ndịda mkpọda Chukotka nwere steppe ebe. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na otu niile nke Arctic bụ a siri ike steppe (n'ụbọchị mammoths). Ogaranya ahịhịa na Arctic region - a bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Chukotka na Wrangel Island. O siri ike iche n'echiche, ma iri anọ na umu nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ebi na ọkpụkpụ, n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa na-adịghị eme.

Ahịhịa na-anọchi anya ọka, pola poppies, sedges, willow, lichen, Dwarf birch, liverworts, mosses (ebe a na-etolite ma ama lichen - reindeer akpaetu). Chaun Bay na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Chukotka n'ozuzu bụ a pụrụ iche. E nwere ogwu nke ahịhịa mmiri, na ihe onwunwe nke gara aga, ndị ọkụ na narị afọ.

Arctic osisi - ndabere maka ndụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na ndị a n'akụkụ. Na nri ji russules, cloudberries, lichens na herbs. Na Iceland, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ka ogologo mere nri na butere nri si nkịtị lichen (akpọ Tsentrariya). Ọ bụ onye ndú na ọdịnaya nke Chọpụta ọcha, vitamin, polysaccharides, dị iche iche asịd. Ọ na-eme dị ka ihe na-egosi nke na-adị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

anụmanụ ụwa

Arctic nkọwa ga-ezu ezu enweghị aha nke anụmanụ ụwa. Na mpaghara a bi ndị kasị mma ụmụ anụmanụ nke dị n'ebe ugwu - reindeer, nke nwere oké mkpa ná ndụ nke obere ụmụ amaala obodo. N'ihi na-awagharị awagharị reindeer ya bụ isi iyi nke ike - ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi, anụ, akpụkpọ, mpi. All ndị a ngwaahịa ka o kwe omume iji imeghari na-ebi ndụ na ọnọdụ nke ukwuu ala okpomọkụ. Venison - a bara uru ngwaahịa, a narị grams nke anụ bụ iji hụ na vitamin na mineral a onye maka ụbọchị dum. Ọzọkwa, venison eme scurvy, beriberi, metabolism ọrịa na anaemia.

People akpa reindeer ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ha cultivation aghọwo a omenala arụ edere iche iche. Ma mba nke North America na-domesticate ụmụ anụmanụ, ha na-ahọrọ ichu nta caribou.

The ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu atụ ndụ na Yamalo-Nenets district, ebe ọtụtụ puku ụmụ anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịa.

Arctic musk ehi

Ka na-ebi na Arctic musk ehi - kasị ungulates, ha na-ikwu nke mammoths. Animals dị ịrịba ama na-emegharị ka ndụ na siri ike obibi. Na-ekpo ọkụ ogologo uwe-echebe ha si oyi na ifufe, ha na-adịghị karịsịa achọ na nri. Musk ehi ogologo esịne ke Red Book of Russia. Ugbu a, ha na-ebi naanị na Taimyr Peninsula na Wrangel Island. Na Canadian isuo, ha nọmba mgbe niile na-amụba. Ruo mgbe mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, ha bi Alaska. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike na-agbanwe ebe obibi n'ihi okpomọkụ n'ụwa, n'ihi na ha enweghị ike na-ebi a mgbe nile na-ahụ mmiri na mmiri na owu. Iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-emetụta na dinta. The eke ebe obibi pola wolves na-anọchi anya a ihe ize ndụ maka mgbada na musk ehi.

Maka ụmụ amaala obodo nke Arctic bụ omenala Trapping, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ nke nkịta ọhịa, weasels, wolverines, wolves na polar nkịta ọhịa.

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke nri yinye bụ òké na rabbits. Hamsters eri lemmings a ụbọchị na ọkara ugboro ọzọ nri karịa onwe ha itu.

ụwa nke nnụnụ

The Arctic bụ n'ụlọ ka ihe dị ka ọkara nke umu nke n'ụsọ nnụnụ gburugburu ụwa, m ga-asị na ha bụ ndị a siri ike akụrụngwa n'etiti mmiri na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri na usoro. O siri ike iche n'echiche na n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enweghị "rookeries", nnukwu chịrị nke gulls, fulmars, cormorants, guillemot, murres bụ ebe a.

Na obere okpomọkụ ọnwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Arctic Ocean na-arụ akwụ 280 ụdị nnụnụ. Na-adịghị ahụkebe na-emebu nnụnụ, bulie ụmụ efepụ Africa, Europe, Antarctica, Asia. Taimyr ihe atụ, dịwo atụle ihe dị mkpa n'ebe nke shorebirds na Waterfowl Mbugharị. The Arctic bụ n'ụlọ ka ndị kasị ibu bi na nke na-acha ọcha geese, nke emen on Wrangel Island. Na Yakutia ndụ na-acha ọcha kreenu ọcha kreenu - onye nke rarest umu n'ụwa.

mmiri mammals

Symbols nke Arctic aghọwo mmiri ụmụ anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, agụụ mmadụ na-eme emewo ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụfọdụ umu e fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam kpochapụrụ. Ihe kacha mkpa anụ oké region - na polar bear. N'ozuzu e nwere 19 bi, ọ bụla nke mejupụtara 22 puku ụmụ anụmanụ. Agba na-ọkara aquatic ndụ, ha na-izu na n'ikperé Chukotka Cape Ọchịchọ on Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land. nnukwu ala gbara osimiri okirikiri wolrus rookeries na-emi odude ke Isuo Wrangel. Nke a bụ naanị ebe di mma maka ha.

Ịchụ nta nke polar bea dịwo eze iwu. Ma, ndị bi Greenland na Canada na-adịghị nnọọ asọpụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ, na-esite ikikere achụ nta, n'ihi na nke nke gburu ruo 350 ụmụ anụmanụ kwa afọ.

Alaska nwekwara kwa afọ ikike kpọọ nke whales na bowhead whales.

kama ihe akụkụ ikpeazụ

Dị ka akụkụ nke isiokwu anyị ga-ekwu banyere coldest mpaghara nke mbara ala. Dị ka anyị hụworo, ọ dịghị mkpa ebe ókè nke ala Arctic a rụrụ na map, n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe niile ahụ e ndụ ọbụna dị nnọọ ala okpomọkụ. Ọbụna ndị a n'akụkụ nwere ya na osisi fauna.