Gịnị bụ ciment na otú e si etinye na-emesi ike na okwu?

Taa ọ bụ siri ike iche n'echiche na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-adịghị mkpa ciment. Ọ na-eji kpamkpam na niile nkebi nke ewu na n'ime ime mma nke ọ bụla Ọdịdị. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu na nkà na ụzụ, ọ ka na-adịghị a hụrụ ihe onwunwe na ike na-egosi dị mma karịa ciment. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-amụta ihe na-ciment. Mgbe niile, ọtụtụ ndị na-amaghị ihe ya anya ka, na ebe na ọdabara, ma enweghị echiche ihe dị n'azụ a awọ ntụ ntụ, nke siri ike mgbe akọrọ. Ọzọkwa anyị obibi ajụjụ nke esi etinye olu okwu na okwu ciment.

akụkọ

Tupu ị chepụta ihe bụ simenti, anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Nke a ihe onwunwe mara ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe oge ochie, ma na-emeghe ya, ndị mmadụ na-wuru. N'ihi hụ nkume nkanka na-eji wayo, gypsum, ụrọ na ọbụna akwa ọcha. All ndị a ihe na-ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na obi tara mmiri na ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na-ezu. Mgbe ahụ na-ewu ụlọ malitere mix Efrata: lime agbakwunyere ụrọ, anuahade, nkume na ntụ si n'ugwu. Nchikota na mmiri, ngwakọta enye ndị ezi mmetụta. Ọ na-eji oge ochie Rome.

Na Middle Ages, na-ewu ụlọ na-eji na a ngwakọta na lime apịtị. Ma ngwakọta malitere tupu ime. Nke a bụ nke mbụ na simenti. Okwu si sụgharịa Latin pụtara "gbajiri nkume". N'ezie, ọ bụ, n'ihi na oyi kpọnwụrụ ngwakọta bụ n'ezie ike dị ka a oké nkume. Correct olu okwu na okwu ciment-etinye na akwụkwọ ozi nke abụọ "e", na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Nlele na ihe a were ogologo oge. N'ihi ya, na narị afọ nke 19, ezigbo nkezi nke mmiri chọtara, ikwe nke kacha pụrụ ịdabere. Ọzọkwa arụnyere kacha calcination okpomọkụ nke na nkume nzu na ụrọ, nke lime compound oxides nwetara na kasị inogide. Ọ bụ 1450 degrees. Ebe ọ bụ na simenti na-nnọọ tightly sonyeere na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ.

Gịnị bụ cement: mejupụtara

Modern cement clinker bụ a ntụ ntụ, nke a ga-banyere fillers na-ewu ụlọ. Na akọrọ ụdị, ọ bụ a edo granular uka isi awọ. Mgbe mmiri na-agbakwunyere pastopodobny nwetara cementitious mejupụtara nke na-ọma etinyere ike ike na-ebupụta. Mgbe Jizọs gwọchara ngwakọta nwetara na-adịgide adịgide compound na a pụrụ iji tụnyere na njupụta na nkume. Ọ bụ ya mere aka wuru nkume mere si ciment ya.

Ugbu a, tụlee ihe nkowa nke mejupụtara nke ciment. Mgbe ụrọ na nkume nzu na-ewe iwe ka okpomọkụ nke banyere 1450 degrees, na-agbanwe ha mebere atumatu. Ihe nsogbu dị iche iche na-guzobere clinker. Ha tinye gypsum ma na-egweri ngwakọta ka a free-etoola ala. Si ele ihe anya nke onwu, okokụre cement mejupụtara bụ ndị na-esonụ: 67% CaO (calcium oxide); 22% SiO ₂ (sịlịkọn dioxide); 5% Al ₂ O ₃ (aluminum oxide); 3% Fe ₂ O ₃ (ígwè oxide); 3% nke soro bekee. Cement mmepụta bụ a nnọọ mgbagwoju na-ewe oge usoro nke na-achọ pụrụ iche na ngwá na ememe nke kpọmkwem usoro ọnọdụ.

akara

Anyị na-ama ma ihe ciment na otú e si etinye na-emesi ike na okwu ciment, na-now maara na isi e ji mara nke a n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube na ihe onwunwe. The isi e ji mara nke ngwaahịa a bụ ya ika. Ọ na-denoted site leta "M", na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ọgụgụ. Ihe ogugu na-egosi na kacha ibu (na n'arọ), nke nwere ike idi a 1 cm ² ciment. Na mfe okwu, ọ pụtara arọ nke ciment nke nwere ike idi-enweghị na-agbasa. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ịdị arọ bụ 400 kg, ihe na-enweta a akara M400. Ka anyị tụlee isi ika ciment.

M400. Dị ka hụrụ, dị a ike nke ciment bụ 400 kg / cm ^2. Nke a bụ ihe kasị nkịtị na vasatail ika. Ọ na-eji na niile iche nke ewu na gụchara ọrụ. Nke a pụrụ ịbụ: na-ewu ụlọ, monolithic ewu, ihe slabs na nkanka nakwa dị ka mmepụta nke ladders, ihe yiri mgbaaka, na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa.

M500. Nke a cement nwere a ike nke 500 kg / cm ^2. Ọ e ji ngwa solidification na elu ike. Nke a akara-eji na monolithic ewu nke ogologo akụkụ, maka imewe nke agba òtù na ndị ọzọ ngwa na-achọ elu ike anwụ ngwa ngwa.

ciment compressive ike a na-akpọ ọrụ. Na ndabere nke ya akụkụ, ihe e kenyere ndị kwekọrọ ekwekọ akara. ciment ọrụ na-adabere na: ume nke clinker nsogbu dị iche iche, ogo egweri na ọnụnọ nke nwekwara.

Types of nwekwara na

Gịnị bụ simenti, nke n'egosi ọ na-eme, anyị na-ama mara, ma dị ka ma ọ bụ nkewa? Ọzọkwa akara ule, cements nwekwara kewara ụdị, ọ bụla nke na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site a pụrụ iche Nchikota iche iche mmiri (nwekwara). Dị ka ihe atụ: a ngwa ngwa ọnọdụ, sulphate, backfill na na. Onye ọ bụla ụdị e mere maka a kpọmkwem ọrụ. Ka ihe atụ, maka owuwu nke ọdọ mmiri adịghị mma ciment, nke dina a brick.

The mejupụtara nke nwekwara gosiri na nkwakọ ọnụ na ika. Ọ na-denoted site leta "D" sochiri pasent nke nwekwara. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ngwugwu e dere, "D10" n'aka, n'ụdị cement nwere 10% nke nwekwara. Mgbe ahụ e nwere akara na-anọchite anya ndị Njirimara ndị a nwekwara. Mee elu mee ala simenti na-akanye anya dị ka nke a: "M400D10PTS". Na nke a, "PC" na-ezo aka nkịtị Portland ciment. Tụlee ihe ndị ọzọ e ji mara mere cement àgwà.

njupụta

The kasị ala njupụta a hụrụ na freshly kwadebere ciment. Ya na onye ahụ ichughachiazu ibe n'okpuru edinam nke electrostatic agha. N'oge iga na nchekwa nke ndị a agha na-ebelata, ihe bụ sụkọtara na caking. On njupụta na-emetụta ogo egweri clinker. Na mgbawa, nkezi njupụta nke ihe onwunwe na-kọwaa, na bụ hà 1300 kg / m ^3. Na omume, Otú ọ dị, a ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adabere na ọnọdụ nke nchekwa nke ciment.

The kpọmkwem na volumetric ibu

Share (na-ewu omume) - bụ, n'ezie, otu njupụta. Echiche a na-iji na-emepụta grout ziri ezi n'ike-n'ike. Dabere na ala nke ngwakọta, nkezi nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Fresh cement ntụ ntụ nwere a njupụta nke banyere 1000 kg / m ³ na njupụta nke biri nwere ike iru 1500 kg / m ^3.

Volumetric ibu - ọzọ yiri echiche nke njupụta. Ọ na-eji gbakọọ ego ole ciment na site otu kilogram. Ihe atụ, na a bag of 50 n'arọ, ẹdude 0,04 cubic mita nke ihe onwunwe, ma ọ bụrụ na njupụta dị 1300 kg / m ^3.

adị ndụ

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na simenti bụ inorganic ihe onwunwe, o nwere a adị ndụ nke a doo anya kpuchie ya. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, na ndị na-abụghị hermetic nkwakọ ciment na-echekwara maka naanị 2 ọnwa. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye ya na a kaa akara ngwugwu, ọ bụ ike ịgbatị a ọtùtù a afọ. N'ezie, ochie cement nwere ike ji mee, ma ike ya e ji mara na-aba otu.

The elu ọkwa ciment, na kpu ya tụfuru ya Njirimara. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe ọkwa M500, mgbe a ọnwa nchekwa iru mmiri ọnọdụ, ga-Njirimara akara M400, na na.

Cement akpa kwesịrị echekwara na uko cellophane nchịkọta, a elu nke na-erughị 0.3 mita si n'ala. The pụrụ iche na akpa ihe na-echekwara maka ogologo oge karịa rụrụ ụdị.

Isetịpụ oge

N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị kwadebere ngwọta tent na siri ike n'ime awa ole na ole. N'oge okpomọkụ, zuru hardening nke ciment na-ewe nanị 2-3 awa, na oyi iri ogologo. Na efu okpomọkụ, ọ pụrụ iwe ruo 20 awa maka solidification nke ngwọta. Na adị ma ọ bụ jiri nwayọọ usoro nke hardening, na ihe ngwọta na-ẹkenam pụrụ iche nwekwara.

fineness

The elu ogo ndinuak ahụ, na kpu ga-obi ngwọta, na ihe reliably ya ga-eje ozi na-eme n'ọdịnihu. Fineness na-adabere na àgwà na àgwà nke ngwá eji ciment osisi. The kacha urughuru size of 40-80 microns a na-ewere.

ike klas

The usoro iwu akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ na okwu dị ka "cement ika" ghọọ "ike ọkwa". Ihe ule maka ndaba na ya ike a akpan akpan klas ẹkenịmde anyị factory laboratories. Nke a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-art ngwa na ụzọ nke analysis.

Na laabu tụrụ fineness, njupụta nke okenye ihe ngwọta na simenti mwube oge. The obi tara mmiri samples wara wara na-chọpụta flexural ike na mkpakọ.

asambodo

Asambodo e rụrụ n'ihu cement dị ka GOST 10178085, 30515 97. Nso nso, Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-ama-Switched GOST 31108-2003, nke e kuchiri na 2004. The akwụkwọ spelt ọzọ tiri chọrọ àgwà nke ciment na ya ule ibiere. Ndị a iwu bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akara na European àgwà ụkpụrụ.

Cement na Concrete

Tụlee ihe ọzọ nsogbu na-adị dị ka mgbe na-ezighị ezi okwu nchegbu na simenti. Olee otú na-akpọ ndị stof anyị na-ama achọpụtabeghị, na otú ọ dị iche na ihe? Ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na ọ bụ yiri. N'eziokwu, ọ bụghị n'ezie. A na-akpọ ihe sikwuo ike grout. Ọ mejupụtara ciment, fillers na mmiri. The dịanyā ájá na-eji ọzọ mgbe. Mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji: ájá, ajịrịja nkume, slag, gbasaa ụrọ na na. Ruo mgbe solidification, ciment slurry bụ a ibughari ngwakọta. Ghara eme ka mgbagwoju anya na ọnwụnwa aghọgbụ gị si na-ere ákwà nke ụlọ ahịa, na-echeta ihe na-emesi ike na okwu cement bụ ziri ezi na ihe a ihe onwunwe bụ dị iche iche site na ihe.

ọgwụgwụ

Ya mere, anyị ga-aghọta ihe ciment. The uru nke a na ihe onwunwe na oge a na-ewu na-esi ike overestimate. O sina dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-na-anya n'ebe ọrụ a na-enweghị echiche nke ihe kasị nke bara uru ihe onwunwe, na-atụgharị-acha uhie uhie mgbe ụmụ ha na-ajụ ha banyere ya. Ugbu a, anyị maara na ị na, ihe bụ ciment na otú e si etinye na-emesi ike na okwu ciment.