Gịnị bụ ógbè na ihe na usoro nke guzobere ógbè?

Ugbu a, nnọọ ole na ole ndị mmadụ nwere ike ikwu na nke a ógbè kemgbe territorial nkewa nke obodo a rụrụ dị iche iche. Nke a na onu na-ezo aka n'oge nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu, na USSR na RSFSR.

Provinces atụle ndị kasị elu nkeji nke ndutịm na territorial nkewa nke ala. Ha na-agbala si 1708 na 1929 ka a N'ihi nke na-ewu nke absolutist ala. Ndị a territorial nkeji na-gawa site gọvanọ.

nkọwa nke okwu

Iji zaa ajụjụ ahụ nke ihe a n'ógbè, anyị na-atụgharị na etymology nke okwu. Okwu ahụ bụ "ógbè" na-ewepụtara Latin okwu "GuBeRnAtoR", nke pụtara "onye na-achị." Iri-na-iteghete December 1708 site Peter Ukwu nyere iwu na nkewa nke ala n'ime ọhụrụ ndutịm nkeji - anāchi achi. Ruo mgbe afọ a, na Russian Alaeze Ukwu ẹkewetde nke 166 ógbè. N'ihi ya, anāchi achi 8 e guzobere.

Anyị na-ama kọwara n'elu, gịnị ka okwu "ógbè". Ọzọ, anyị na-atụle ajụjụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntoputa nke ọhụrụ territorial-ndutịm nkeji ihe zuru ezu.

The mbụ mgbanwe nke Peter

Mepụta anāchi achi wee ebe dị na iwu nke eze ukwu. The mbụ akara-elu dị ka ndị a:

1. Moscow ógbè: ókèala ndị Moscow region taa, nnukwu akụkụ nke Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo na Ryazan mpaghara.
2. Ingrian ógbè (afọ abụọ gasịrị renamed St. Petersburg). Ọ gụnyere oge a na Leningrad, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk n'ebe ndịda, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vologda, Yaroslavl mpaghara na Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, nke gụnyere Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda region, akụkụ nke Kostroma, Karelia na Komi.
4. Dị ka akụkụ nke ógbè Kiev - Little Russia, ibe n'ibe nke Belgorod na Sevsk, akụkụ nke Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk mpaghara.
5. Smolensk Province gụnyere Smolensk ugbu a na mpaghara, akụkụ Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga na Tula mpaghara.
6. Kazan ógbè - na Volga na Bashkortostan, na Volga-Vyatka, akụkụ nke Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo na Kostroma n'ógbè, n'ebe ugwu nke Dagestan na Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya mejupụtara òkè nke Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, niile Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, akụkụ Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk na Penza mpaghara.
8. Dị ka akụkụ nke Siberia ógbè - Siberia, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na Urals, Kirov region na akụkụ nke Republic of Komi.

Gịnị bụ na-akpali, site na njedebe nke 1719 bụ iri na otu anāchi achi. Nke a mere n'ihi na eziokwu na e nwere na-akara Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan na Riga Province. Na isi nke territorial unit bụ ọchịchị, na onye ọ bụla òkè nke anāchi achi isi Landrat.

The abụọ ndutịm nkewa nke anāchi achi (nke abụọ mgbanwe Petra Velikogo)

The abụọ mgbanwe weere ọnọdụ na 1719, 29 May. Na ya N'ezie ógbè e kewara anāchi achi gawa site warlord na anāchi achi, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa n'ime distrikti na ọchịagha nke mba kọmishọna. N'ihi ya, ọ kpụrụ 47 anāchi achi na-eme ka 9 anāchi achi, na wezụga nke Reval (ugbu a Tallinn) na Astrakhan (ha na-agaghị kewara akụkụ). Na akwụkwọ nke oge na-akọwa n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe anāchi achi, na ihe ike ọ na-nyere.

The atọ ndutịm mgbanwe

Gịnị bụ ógbè na a gasịrị ụbọchị? N'oge atọ ndutịm mgbanwe wepụrụ distrikti na ógbè banyere ọzọ. The pụta bụ 250 ógbè nke 14 anāchi achi. Kpụrụ Belgorod na Novgorod anāchi achi, ógbè malitere na-edu district ndú nke ama.

Ma, obodo ama ntukwasi na eze ike, iji na-eche dị nna ukwu nke ala. The ndutịm Ọdịdị bụ anụ ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụrụ na ọhụrụ unit egosi, mgbe ahụ ruru ka nnweta nke ókèala. Ná ngwụsị nke October 1775 dị ka akụkụ nke Russian ala bụ 23 anāchi achi, 62 anāchi achi, 276 ógbè.

Catherine Ukwu Reform

The iwu nke Catherine nke 7 November 1775 na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa iji na-eduzi ndutịm subdivision nke ala. Mepụta anāchi achi kwụsịrị, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha belata, ógbè wepụrụ ma gbanwee ụkpụrụ nke na-akpụ distrikti. The ala akara bụ na-asị kwesịrị 20-30 puku ndị mmadụ, na n'ógbè -. About 300-400 puku.

Ọ bụkwa na ebumnuche nke mgbanwe e wusie ike mgbe mbuso agha nke Emelyana Pugacheva. Governors na ndị gọvanọ rubere ndị ọkàiwu na-elekọta, na-aga site Attorney-General na Sineti.

Site na njedebe nke Catherine II na-achị dị ka a akụkụ nke Russia mesịrị bụrụ 48 governorships, 2 anāchi achi, 1 region na Obibi Don Cossacks. The Governor-General họpụtara ndị Eze Nwanyị Ukwu, ógbè na-achịkwa ndi-isi usu-uweojii. Ruo mgbe 1796 e kere eke nke ọhụrụ governorships bụ n'ihi accession site n'ókèala.

agaghịkwa a ajụjụ bilitere n'etiti ọha na ndị dị otú anāchi achi, na nke e kere. Ntoputa nke ọhụrụ ndutịm nkeji nọgidere nta hụrụ.

Paul mgbanwe m na Alexander m

Education anāchi achi n'oge ọchịchị Paul m mere ka a n'ihi nke dochie aha ndutịm nkeji. The mgbanwe na 1776, e nwere otu ihe mwekota: achị eze ghọrọ anāchi achi, dị n'ókèala ha, bụ ebe e nwere a likelihood nke insurrection ma ọ bụ mba ọzọ agha, nọgidere n'ala gọvanọ-n'ozuzu.

Na-akwọ ụgbọala Control anāchi achi n'oge ọchịchị nke Alexander m na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma na oge site na 1801 ka 1802 afọ, kagburu n'ókèala weghachiri eweghachi.

Tụlee ihe bụ ógbè mgbe oge a. Ọ ga-kwuru nkewa nke territorial nkeji n'ime 2 iche iche: na European akụkụ nke Russia bụ obschegubernskaya nzukọ (esịnede - 51 ógbè), nke dị ná mpụga na ekwu usoro Generalgouvernement (naanị 3 anāchi achi). N'ebe ụfọdụ - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don agha, Terek - ọchịchị ma ataman Cossack agha. Na 1816 enwere 12 governorships, na a akụkụ nke 3-5 anāchi achi.

Si n'ógbè n'ógbè

Site na njedebe nke XIX na narị afọ na ọ na-emepụta 20 ebe - ndutịm nkeji yiri anāchi achi. Okwu ahụ bụ "ebe" na iche na esenidụt "ógbè" ezi ochie Slavic na pụtara "nwere" (nwe).

Area dị na ebe n'ókè mba ndị ọzọ, ha nwere ha Duma na e emetụtawo site ndị ọzọ iwu ndị na-achịkwa agha gọvanọ na bụ akụkụ nke Government-General. Ọ simplifies ngwa nke obodo ọchịchị na ụba nrubeisi n'onwe gọvanọ.

The mbụ ọchịchị na Russia - AD Menshikov - kpuchiere ụlọ ọrụ dị na 1703

Nhazi mkpara dị ka afọ 1914

Ruo mgbe mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ na n'ógbè obodo ọchịchị unit ka nwere mmetụta. Site 1907 na 1910, n'oge Stolypin mgbanwe, o guzobere Council nke United ama.

The obere ọchịchị nọ n'ógbè nkewa, ha nọ na-edu n'ógbè Commissioners, na ógbè - asị. Parallel a, usoro nke Soviet guzobere na-emegide-elebara Government.

The Soviet oge

The mbụ n'ógbè nkewa nọgidere oge ụfọdụ mgbe mgbanwe ke October 1917, ma e guzobere Provincial Executive Kọmitii. Nke a Executive kọmitii họrọ na ógbè nzuko nke Soviet.

Site na njedebe nke 1918 dị ka akụkụ nke ala e 78 anāchi achi, na na oge elu 1920, 25 nke ha so na-Finland, Poland na Baltic States. Site 1920 ruo 1923. nile na ókèala ndị RSFSR e nwere ọhụrụ kwurula nkeji - guzobere ọhụrụ ógbè ọ bụla n'afọ.

Mejupụtara agbanwe mgbe nile, ma dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe nke ógbè site 1929 kpamkpam emiela, e nwere ndị na mpaghara na ókèala, na ha, n'aka nke ya, gụnyere ndị district, asị, obodo councils, ka anyị debe ta.

Ná mmechi

N'isiokwu a anyị depụtara ógbè ndị na ókèala nke Russia. Na mgbakwunye, anyị na-enyocha isi echiche na ihe mere eme nke ntoputa nke dị iche iche ndutịm-territorial nkeji.