Sọlfọ (lat sọlfọ.) - nonmetal mmewere. The chemical akara S, Oghere Usoro ahụ nọmba na oge table - 16 Valence sọlfọ e debere ọbụna tupu amụ Ọdịdị nke ahụ atọm. Ya uru kpebisiri ike dabere na Njirimara dochie, na-adọta ma ọ bụ itinye a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ atọm ma ọ bụ iche iche. Mgbe e mesịrị, na-eme nnyocha chọpụtara a ọrụ nke na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ (electrons) na ihe omume nke a chemical nkekọ.
Valence nke sọlfọ: nke akpan akpan atọm emetụta ya uru?
Kasị nkịtị chemical mmewere on Earth bụ na nke 16 ebe. Ọ na-adị n'ụdị na-egbuke egbuke-acha odo odo kristal ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ na nkume nso arụsi ọrụ ike na-adịghị ejekwa ozi agbọpụta ọkụ. The kasị mara eke ogige - sulphides na sulphates.
Akụkụ nke ihe na bekee:
- Strong nonmetal.
- Site electronegativity (eo) ma ọ bụ ike na-adọta electrons sọlfọ zaa naanị fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine na bromine.
- Ọ mkpatụ na ọla na nonmetals, mfe ma dị mgbagwoju ogige.
The iche dị na Njirimara-adabere na ihe owuwu ma na ala nke atọm, ihe dị iche na ụkpụrụ nke eo. Ka anyị hụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ na a valence nke sọlfọ ogige. Ha chemical omume-adabere na Ọdịdị nke ike envelopes, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ndokwa nke elu electrons na atọm.
Mere valency bụ dị iche iche?
Anụ isotopes bụ eke sọlfọ na uka nọmba nke 32 (kasị nkịtị), 33, 34 na 36. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a atọm nuclides 16 nwere ghaghị ebubo protons. Na ohere nso ntọala ịkpali na ezigbo ọsọ nke 16 electrons. Ha bụ nnọọ obere, na-ezighị ezi ebubo. Naa dọtara ntọala (looser) 6 mpụga ahụ. Ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ na ha niile na-arụ guzobe dị iche iche nke chemical nkekọ. Dị ka oge a echiche valence nke sọlfọ kpebisiri ike site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kere nkịtị (bonding) elektrọn ụzọ abụọ. Na-emekarị ihe atụ mpụga ahụ na-ekere òkè na usoro, na-anọchite anya a mgbe gburugburu a chemical akara.
Dị ka a valence na-adabere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ atọm?
Na ihe owuwu nwere ike na-egosi na ọkwa na sublevels (s, p, d) iji ike esereese site na nke valence nke sọlfọ na-adabere usoro. Abụọ oppositely eduzi àkú-anọchi Anya paired, otu - unpaired electrons. The mpụga ohere sọlfọ atọm orbitals ụdị nke ahụ 6 na 8 dị mkpa maka ahụ ike nke octet achị. Valence shei nhazi egosiputa usoro 3s23p4. Electrons emechaghi oyi akwa nwere nnukwu idobere nke ike, nke na-akpata na-ejighị n'aka ala nke atọm. Iji nweta nkwụsi ike nke sọlfọ atọm chọrọ abụọ ọzọ na-ezighị ezi ahụ. Ha nwere ike nwetara n'oge e guzobere covalent nkekọ na ndị ọzọ ọcha ma ọ bụ n'ihi na absorption nke abụọ free electrons. Na nke a, sọlfọ bụ a valence II (-). Otu uru pụrụ inweta site na iji usoro: 8 - 2 = 6, ebe 6 - bụ otu nọmba nke mmewere.
Ebe e nwere ogige nke valence nke sọlfọ bụ II (-)?
Mmewere adọta ma ọ bụ kpam kpam na-ewe electrons si atọm na a ala electronegativity uru dị ka Pauling n'ike. Valency II (-) gosiri na sulfides nke ọla na nonmetals. Ọtụtụ ìgwè nke ndị dị otú ahụ ogige a hụrụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke nkume na mineral ndị dị oké bara uru. Ndị a gụnyere pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PBS), na ndị ọzọ na bekee. ígwè sulfide kristal nwere a mma tan na agba na luster. "Nzuzu Gold" ịnweta pyrite a na-akpọkarị. N'ihi na ọla si ha ores rụrụ calcining ma ọ bụ Mbelata. Nwụrụ sulfide H2S nwere otu electronic akụkụ, ndị dị ka mmiri. The si malite H2S:
- a tọhapụrụ n'oge ire ere nke na-edozi (e.g., ọkụkọ àkwá);
- Ọ malitere na mgbawa ugwu, haruru;
- Ọ-agbakọ eke mmiri, mmanụ;
- tọhapụrụ n'ime voids na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ.
Gịnị bụ usoro valent sọlfọ oxide SO2?
Formula dioxide na-egosi na onye na sọlfọ atọm na a molekul o sie abụọ oxygen atọm, ọ bụla nke ga-2 na-elektrọn octet. Ihe nkekọ bụ site n'okike a pola covalent (eo ọzọ oxygen). The valence nke sọlfọ na a compound nwere a uru nke IV (+), n'ihi na sọlfọ atọm elektrọn 4 na-obibi kwupụta abụọ oxygen atọm. The usoro nwere ike e dere dị ka: S2O4, kama dị ka iwu si a ga-belata 2. dioxide mgbe etisasịwo mmiri forms sulfurous acid ion na-adịghị ike. Ya salts - sulphites - siri ike na mbenata mmadụ. SO2 gas bụ onye n'etiti na mmepụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.
Nke bekee sọlfọ na-egosipụta ya kasị elu valence?
Oxide ma ọ bụ SO3 S2O6 - colorless mmiri mmiri na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 17 ° C, ọ siri ike. Na onyinye nke SO3 bụ valence nke oxygen II (-), na VI (+) sọlfọ ahụ. Higher oxide dissolves na mmiri na Nleta a ike dibasic na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. N'ihi na a nnukwu ọrụ na mmepụta usoro a umi na-akpọ "nri nke onye chemical ụlọ ọrụ." Ọrụ dị mkpa aku na uba na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ nke acid salts - sulphates. Jiri hydrated calcium (gypsum), sodium (Glauber ji nnu), magnesium (English ma ọ bụ ilu nnu).
The guzobere dị iche iche nke chemical bonding nwere ike isonye 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, ná mpụta electrons. Anyị na-akpọ ndị kwere omume valence sọlfọ, nyere na e nwere obere na-ejighị n'aka compound: m (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A abụọ mma valence mmewere enweta monoxide NKE. The kasị uru II (-), IV (+), VI (+) na-egosi sọlfọ na ndị mejupụtara nke ìgwè nke bekee na-enwe ulo oru, ugbo na ọgwụ dị mkpa. Ya ogige na-eji imewe nke ezimezi oku.
The nnukwu nsogbu bụ kpọọ nke n'efu, haruru, gụnyere na-emerụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke sọlfọ oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) na nwụrụ sulfide. Guzosie Ike technology maka nhazi nke ndị a n'efu gas na inweta ha site na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid sulfates. Iji mezuo nke a, chemical osisi wuru nso ígwè mills ma ọ bụ n'otu ebe. N'ihi ya, ego nke ofufe na-ebelata, e nwere obere "na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid mmiri ozuzo."