Gothic

Gothic - oge na mmepe nke ochie European art, bụ nke malitere na 1140 na ile-de-France (Paris na ebe gburugburu ya) na-anọgide ruo mgbe banyere 1500-1550 afọ, na-enye ụzọ Renaissance. Nke a na-n'ụzọ kasị doo anya gosi na Gothic ije na ugegbe windo, kamakwa ihe ọkpụkpụ, na sere, murals, illuminated odide.

Otu n'ime ndị kasị a ma ama style samples - Notre Dame na Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris).

N'ezie, ije nke na oge bụ n'ihi ihe engineering nsogbu. Olee na-ekpuchi nnukwu na-ebupụta na elu elu site a nkume? Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ chọọchị ndị mbụ Middle Ages nwere uko kpuchie osisi, ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị nkume ọkara cylindrical vaults (gburugburu njiko) ma ọ bụ ọgịrịga ukwu. Walls na-wuru bụchaghị nnọọ oké, nwere ike idi mpụga mbuso agha, na obere windo - na ọ bụ atụmatụ na e ji mara ndị Romanesque style.

Gothic sitere isi na ije, na-ewu ewu na 1130 na Abbey Church of St. Denis.

N'ihi otutu nwere architects, na 1110 si, tụgharịa na-agbasa mgbidi (na mmiri), itinye ọzọ "mobile" ọcha na nzukọ nke ohere - n'ihi na ihe atụ, kwuru na, arches, nwere dị iche na okirikiri ala n'akụkụ akwado na-ekwe ka ha na-adị mfe imeghari na windo dị iche iche obosara na ịdị elu. Ọzọkwa, a usoro e mepụtara nkume set of ọgịrịga kesaa arọ nke na kọlụm na-agba ala n'ụwa, nkume arches ike ya mee amụ na-thinner.

The oghe mgbidi enịm nnukwu windo. Na 1170 si, nke dị nnọọ mkpa, na-efe efe buttresses malitere ịpụta (elu retaining njiko, ụdị buttresses), ike metụtara na Gothic ije. Iberibe buttresses usoro nwere ihe abụọ bụ isi mejupụtara ya: a oke vetikal ngọngọ masonry (support) si n'èzí nke ụlọ na segmental njiko oru ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-akwado na mgbidi.

Gothic style ịgụnye, na dị na atọ bụ isi oge: n'oge (ma ọ bụ French Gothic), tozuru okè (ma ọ bụ elu gothic), na mgbe e mesịrị, a na-akpọ "enwu enwu" Gothic.

The aha "Gothic" (site Italian okwu "Gothic" - ọhụrụ, obi) e nyere omenala ke oge nke ndị Renaissance-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na theorist of art Dzhordzho Vazari. N'ihi ya, o kwupụtara nlelị style, n'iji ya tụnyere oge ochie art. N'ezie, taa ụbọchị nke na-abụchaghị eziokwu ntule nke Vasari ama dịghị onye e kewara ekewa, ma aha ahụ na-ọma ike, nke nta nke nta naturalized, adịkwa a ọjọọ metụtara. Na Renaissance, Gothic art a na-akpọ ihe dị ka a "German style" - definition, na-ekesịpde site Vasari.

Ọ ga-ghọtara na n'ihi na Goethe ọrụ ewepụtara German ije, n'ezie, ọ na-aghọta ka a mba art, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Nke a gosiri revaluation na ude nke ochie art.

Na-eto eto obi ike architects ke edem edere France, na n'oge na-adịghị ofụri Europe, mpi na a ụdị ọsọ mmeri nke elu. Onye ọ bụla set nke ọhụrụ Katidral, dị ka a na-achị, ga-adị elu karịa a ole na ole mita, karịa ya ụzọ.

The elu nke ime nke katidral ndị isi nke Christian echiche - olileanya maka a obi ụtọ hapụrụ ụwa ụwa na eluigwe ụwa.

Gothic ije kọwaa edumbet. Ọkpụkpụ kpamkpam kegide ya, ọ dịkarịa ala ná mmalite nkebi. Na facades nke nnukwu ụka, karịsịa gburugburu portal, anyị nọgidere na-eme oké ájà, ma ha gburugburu mere ndokwa ahịrị ọkpụkpụ.

Pụtara ìhè ahụmahụ adịkwu ije na ọgaranya ntụpọ windo enyo, mgbe ụfọdụ, ekpuchi dum elu nke ụlọ. Mma na Mpaghara si Bible, biographies nke ndị nsọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị amụma na ndị ọzọ okpukpe personages, ntụpọ-windo enyo bụ ndị bụ isi ebumnobi na nghọta nke katidral dị ka a Compendium nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst. N'oge nke iri na atọ na narị afọ, a amanyere bụ iwu atụmatụ kasị katidral bụ nnukwu window- "Rose", na nke e sere na center nke Chineke, Iisus Hristos, na Virgin Mary gbara gburugburu cosmos.

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 14, na atụmanya nke Renaissance, Gothic ịmata ihe ụfọdụ ego atụmatụ. Otu nke kasị ukwuu na-anọchite anya nke oge a bụ Simone Martini.

N'ime 400 afọ nke Gothic penetrated ụdị nile nke art. Shamrocks, kwuru arches, ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ụlọ decorations pụtara na metalwork, ememe okpukpe nile, na ili, ndị ọgaranya uwe ime mmụọ, dị oké ọnụ ahịa diptych, nakwa dị ka ego ngwa - ngwá ụlọ, efere.