Icebreaker "Chelyuskin": akụkọ ihe mere eme na akara aka

Onye ama ama icebreaker "Chelyuskin" e wuru na 1933 na Denmark site ka nke Soviet ọchịchị. Akpa, ọhụrụ arịa aha ya bụ "Lena" (eziokwu na ọ nọ na-zubere maka njem n'etiti Vladivostok na ọnụ ọnụ nke Lena River). The "Chelyuskin" e renamed na eve nke ama pola njem. Steamboat kwetara na niile kasị oge a ụkpụrụ nke oge ya. Ya Ndahie ra ka 7.5 puku tọn.

pụrụ iche ozi

Ịrịba ama na ịmata ihe dị iche icebreaker "Chelyuskin", dọtara uche nke Soviet pola nchoputa Otto Schmidt. Nke a geographer mgbakọ na mwepụ rọrọ nke emeri ihe Northern Sea Nsoro - ụzọ na-eduga na Pacific Ocean tinyere n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri Eurasia. Schmidt dị njikere ime ihe ọ bụla n'ihi na ya plan. Na 1932, ọ bụ na ụgbọ mmiri "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" merie si White Sea na Barents Sea.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" n'ihi na nke a enthusiast aghọwo a n'aka ịzụlite ha nnyocha nke ọma. Schmidt mekwara General Directorate nke Northern Sea Nsoro iji ụgbọ mmiri na ya ọhụrụ ibuo njem. Nsogbu bụ na, n'agbanyeghị na ya modernity, "Chelyuskin" bụ isi a n'ụgbọ mmiri. Designers ke dabara ya maka oké ịnyagharịa site na pola ice ndu. Nke a mere ka a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọnwụ nke arịa.

Na-akwadebe maka gị Njem

Adventurous mgbaru ọsọ ibugo onu icebreaker "Chelyuskin" sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ọtụtụ enthusiasts ndị raara ndụ ha na-amụ North. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti ndị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na olu dara ziri ezi ajụjụ banyere kwesịrị ekwesị nke ụgbọ mmiri na-a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu njem. Otu onye dị otú obi abụọ bụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri, Vladimir Voronin. Mgbe amụ "Chelyuskin", o kwuru n'ihu ukara iwu nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke imewe flaws. The Northern Sea Nsoro, Otú ọ dị, uche na-akwụ ụgwọ ha.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin" gawara August 2, 1933. Ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri ndị 112 ndị si Murmansk. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-adịghị na-ejikọrọ na njem. N'ihi ya, otu n'ime enyocha were on board ime mo. The ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpamkpam congested ka on board etinye ọzọ ibu, nyoputa onyeiro seaplane na ọtụtụ prefabricated ụlọ maka niile na Wrangel Island.

Na Kara Sea

Agafe Strait Matochkin icebreaker "Semyon Chelyuskin" bụ na Kara Sea, ebe ọ na-eche na nke mbụ egwu ice floes. Ihe mgbochi ndị a na-merie ụgbọ mmiri na-enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ogologo njem gara, arọ na-arụ ọrụ nwere na-anọgide na njem ahụ.

Na Kara Sea, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wee gafee a nnukwu desert agwaetiti, bụghị depụtara na bụla map. Studies anọwo na-ekwu nke a iju ukem ini. The "ọhụrụ" agwaetiti mesịrị bụrụ agwaetiti nke nzuzo. Ọ e meghere na XIX narị afọ na iletaghachi na 1915, ihe njem Otto Sverdrupa. Ọ tụgharịrị na map anọrọ n'alụghị n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ dị ka 50 kilomita n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ya n'ezie ọnọdụ. Ndudue ekwe omume iji chọpụta-arụ ọrụ "Chelyuskin" enyocha mbara igwe, surveyor Yakov Gakkel.

Ka ọ dịgodị, a nzukọ na ize ndụ ice gara n'ihu. The mbụ mmebi bụ ire ure nke stringer, sochiri a ịkụ eku. Remov engineer wee na a ọma imewe nke osisi fixtures, nnọchi nkwarụ akụkụ, ma ọ dịghị agbanwe agbanwe eziokwu ahụ bụ na "Chelyuskin" ekwesịghị inwe gaa Arctic desert naanị.

Iji wụnye ọhụrụ akụkụ, ndị butere ibutu ụta jide (ọ na-echekwa carbon). Nke a nrụsi ọrụ nwere na-eme ihe niile: ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-ewu ụlọ na azụmahịa uloru arịa. Òtù nke njem e kewara ìgwè na oge nagide ọrụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge oyi na ice, ụkpụrụ nke nzukọ nke oru kemfe ọzọ Chelyuskintsev.

mkpọrọ ice

September 23 ship kpamkpam egbochi. Solid ice gburugburu ma kee ya agbụ na banyere otu ebe a afọ tupu kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Iji ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ kasịnụ nke mkpọsa, na Wrangel Island, Schmidt enweghi ike. Ugbu a icebreaker "Chelyuskin" njem wee na ihe kpamkpam ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. The ụgbọ mmiri na-emegharị ahụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, tinyere nwayọọ multi-afọ ice. November 4 ọ banyere mmiri nke Bering Strait. The ice nọ na-enweta thinner, na-agwaghị mmiri si arụ ọrụ iche ụzọ nke ọtụtụ kilomita. O yiri ka mma nnapụta bụ apụghị izere ezere.

Ọ bụghị nnọọ site "Chelyuskin" bụ icebreaker "Litke". Ya isi nyere iji nyere ship agbanahụ si ice mkpọrọ. Ma Otto Schmidt jụrụ akwado olileanya na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya ga-free. N'oge a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere a na-egbu egbu ndudue, maka nke mechara akwụ ya ụgwọ ìgwè ahụ dum nke icebreaker "Chelyuskin".

Moody nwayọọ gbanwere ya direction na zitere n'ụgbọ mmiri na-abụghị uzo nke Arctic wilderness. Ọ ghọtara na ya gaffe Schmidt ugbua na ya n'uche nke aka, na-arịọ enyemaka nke "Litke", ma ọ bụ akaha. Ugbu a ndị na ndi oru ugbo na-atụ anya oyi na-efu ice. Ọzọkwa, pola fùa mkpu - ọ dịghị onye pụrụ mere ka ọ mata maka nchekwa nke ụgbọ mmiri na oké ọnọdụ nke Far North. 13 February 1934 ọhụrụ ship n'ezie arahụ ala. The anụ ahụ na-akpata ọnwụ nke icebreaker "Chelyuskin" bụ ndị dị ike mgbali nke ice, na-agbasa site na-ekpe-ya n'akụkụ.

Esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile si arịa

A awa ole na ole tupu denouement, mgbe ọ bịara doo anya na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ga-aga na ala, ọ malitere a ọkụ ọkụ esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile nke ndị mmadụ. The otu jisiri nyefee gburugburu ice nke akụrụngwa na ngwaọrụ. Ihe ndị a iji na-ike dịkarịa ala, ụfọdụ nwa oge ahụhụ. Na otu onye nwụrụ n'oge esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile. Ya na mberede ọjọọ anuahade shifting ibu.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", onye mere eme biri n'elekere ise na mgbede na-ekpe na ice 104 ndị mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ abụọ, tinyere a mụrụ ọhụrụ ada otu n'ime enyocha. N'ịbụ onye na-otu na-enweghịkwa omume enyi pola ụwa, ndi oru ugbo n'ụbọchị nke abụọ gafere na isi obodo nke ọdachi ozi. Communication Chelyuskinites ike n'okpuru nlekọta nke a agadi radio ọrụ Krenkel. Dịtụ nso, na Cape Wellen, emi odude n'ụsọ oké osimiri ebe, nke-ebute site ná a ozi. Mgbe Otto Schmidt, a afọ tupu mgbe ahụ bụ na ihe mberede "Sibiryakov", ọ hụrụ onwe ya a ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ. Ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ụgbọ n'ebe ahu, na njikọ e guzobewo site Crabber na Sea of Okhotsk.

mara ụlọikwuu ndụ

Echefu na ice floe, na-arụ ọrụ ibutu si ụgbọ mmiri bụghị naanị akpa ihi ụra n'ụlọikwuu, ma na-ewu ihe. Ozugbo na verge ọnwụ gosiri otu cohesion na nzukọ, ka nọ n'ogige ahụ jisiri iru nnọọ a ezigbo ndụ. ogige e wuru, a kichin na a mgbaàmà ụlọ elu.

Site n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke ọnụnọ gị na ice bụghị kwụsị research ọrụ. Kwa ụbọchị hydrologists na enyocha iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ọnọdụ nke mara ụlọikwuu. Kpafuo ice akwụsịghị, n'ihi ya, ọ dị mkpa ka mgbe nile gbakọọ na-achịkọta ndị ọnọdụ gị. N'ihi nke a a theodolite na sextant. N'oge anyị nọ n'ebe na ice nke chekwara ndị ọrụ a na-arịasi ọrịa naanị Otto Schmidt, onye e hụrụ na oyi baa. N'ihi na ọrịa nke isi nke njem bụ kpọpụrụ n'ogige adịghị n'etiti ndị ikpeazụ na 76th.

ọchịchọ arụ ọrụ

Na Moscow, na nzọpụta nke icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ma ọ bụ kama, na ntopute nke ụwa na ya bi, E boro ya ebubo a ọchịchị ọrụ, na-aga site a agadi so party Valerian Kuibyshev. N'ụbọchị mbụ mgbe na-anata akụkọ nke nsogbu ndị òtù nke ọchịchị e zigara n'ebe ugwu na-agba ume telegram. O sina dị, ọbụna-eji obi ụtọ na-emesi obi nke Central Committee na-adịghị kagbuo isi ike nke na-arụ ọrụ.

Polar nchọpụta ndị dị nnọọ anya na naanị ụzọ zọpụta ha bụ iji ugbo elu. Na a ọsọ ọsọ na-Chukotka gara kacha mma Soviet ụgbọelu. Olumba nke na-eji a nkịta-sled ma ọ bụ ụkwụ nke mgbanwe na-ekpochapụ fọrọ nke nta ozugbo. On ụkwụ ha na mkpọ ice pola ụbọchị nwere ike njem a anya nke 10 kilomita. N'oge ndị dị otú a mgbanwe ndị ụgbọ mmiri Valerian Albanova na Franz Josef Land, ihe mere na 1914, site na ya, ìgwè ndị iri na anọ ndị mmadụ anwụghị na abụọ.

Rescue nke ndi oru ugbo nke icebreaker "Chelyuskin" bụ a pụrụ iche ọrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na naanị n'ihi na ọ dịghị Arctic ụgbọelu adịghị, ọ bụghị naanị na USSR kamakwa mba ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. N'ime ihe ndị mbụ akwọ amalitela ịchọ Schmidt na ndikom-ya gosi pilot Anatoly Liapidevskii. Tupu ị mesịrị chọta Chelyuskinites, aviator mere 28 okpu mgbalị ịchọta ndị dị mkpa ohere. Naanị ugboro 29, 5 March 1934, Liapidevskii chọpụtara na ala nke mbụ seaplane, mgbe ahụ, ndị mmadụ gbara ya gburugburu.

Ugbu a, mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ebe mikpuru icebreaker "Chelyuskin", ndị esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile malitere. Ndanda-4 Lyapidevsky were on board niile inyom na ụmụaka (12) na-eziga ha n'obodo nta dị nso. Otú ọ dị, mgbe mbụ ọma sochiri mbụ ọdịda. Mebiri nnapụta ugbo elu engine, mgbe nke ime na-stalled.

The ojiji nke ugbo elu na nke a, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị. N'ebe ugwu anyị gara airships. Ọ gbalịkwara imebi Chelyuskintsev icebreaker "Krasin" ma na-akwado ATVs. Ma, ọ bụ ụgbọelu na-mere a isi onyinye ọma pụta nke pola saga. All ọnwa abụọ nke ndụ na ice nke ndị bi n'ogige ahụ aku na njikere-achọ ha airfields ụgbọelu. Kwa ụbọchị, ndị ikom na-ebiliri ibe ekpocha runways, bụghị adịkwa olileanya ịlaghachi ụlọ.

Wee nnapụta

Anam Udeme Chelyuskinites of ice mkpọrọ maliteghachiri on 7 April. Ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ aka ọtụtụ ama ụgbọelu. Michael Vodopianov mesịrị-akụkụ na-eziga nchọpụta mbụ ịkpafu ebe "North osisi-1", na Nicholas Kamanin ibu ndi-isi nke mbụ otu nke Soviet cosmonauts. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-anapụta ndị ọzọ kpara ụgbọelu: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. Ọzọ pilot, Sigismund Levanevsky, o nwere ihe ọghọm - ọ na-hụrụ na napụta.

Icebreaker "Chelyuskin", onye mere eme jupụtara akụkọ ndị ahụ, ndị ruru eru nke a oké akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ oké ọnụ ihuenyo adaptations, ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi na-agụ akụkọ nke oge ya. Nke a aha ghọrọ ndị a na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe spirit na obi ike nke ndị nyeere ndị mmadụ aka laghachi. Tọrọ atọ pola ice-arụ ọrụ gafee Vankarem - obere Chuckchee mara ụlọikwuu, nke ghọọ center nke niile nnapụta ọrụ.

Ọ bụ na-akpali na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ si n'ụgbọ, na-eji ndụ seaplane iru kpọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ naanị. Adịgide furu efu na-adọba ụgbọala ekpe isi kwatuo Vladimir Voronin. April 13 Ọ nọ na Vankarem. Final ụbọchị nke ịwa ahụ na-esiwanye ụjọ ọnọdụ - Icefield nwayọọ nwayọọ ebibi. The n'echi nke nnapụta Voronin dị ike oké ifufe ebibi a nwa oge mara ụlọikwuu.

homecoming

N'oge nzoputa arụ ọrụ na ya onwe ya icebreaker "Chelyuskin", nke ka nwetara a foto nke niile Soviet na ọtụtụ ụwa akwụkwọ akụkọ, ndị etiti nke uche nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Jubilation na ihe ịga nke ọma pụta nke ejije bụ pola mba. Ụtọ nke ndị nkịtị nwere ike ịbụ mfe kọwara, sị: ihe ọ bụla yiri ihe mere eme nke ụwa ụgbọelu na igodo emezubeghị.

Wee akụkụ ke esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile Chelyuskinites akwọ bụ ndị mbụ Heroes nke Soviet Union. Nke a kasị elu ala award e guzobere na Iv nke ihe ndị mere na Far North. Ọ natara Order of Lenin na abụọ America (William Le Verrier na Klayd Armsted), bụ ndị na-elekọta nke dị ugbo elu, procured kpọmkwem maka nnapụta nke ndi oru ugbo pụtara na ihu nke ọnwụ. Sonyere na ndị ice The Epic na-eji ọṅụ nzukọ Moscow. All ndị okenye Chelyuskintsev lanarịrị ize ndụ oyi, ọdịda Red Banner.

Afterword

Ọnwụ nke ụgbọ mmiri mere ka Soviet na-edu ndú ịgbanwe àgwà ha ka pola nnyocha. Mgbe ha laghachiri Moscow, Schmidt mara ọkwa mmeri nke ndị Northern Sea Nsoro. Ma, ọtụtụ ndị mba ọzọ ndị ọkachamara na-atụle ihe ndị ahụ gara agha bụghị otú Rosy. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma na USSR Chelyuskinskaya ahụmahụ ọ e mụtara. Ebe ọ bụ na yist malitere itolite a nsoro nke icebreakers. Ugbu a arịa ahụ oge ọ bụla so site na mbụ ibu n'ụgbọ mmiri na-apụghị onwe-eme ka ụzọ ya na polar desert.

ọtụtụ mgbalị chọta kpara aba ime "Chelyuskin" N'oge Soviet oge. Abụọ ndị a search njem ndị mmadụ merela haziri na 1970. More kechioma sonyere nke mkpọsa nke 2006, bụ nke nyeere duzie ochichi nke Chukotka Autonomous District, isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Navy na Russian Academy nke Sciences. Ndị ọkachamara na-na-enwe ike ịkpọlite si n'ala oké osimiri ahụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụgbọ mmiri. Ndị a arịa e zigara Copenhagen, ebe ọ na-otu ugboro wuru na "Chelyuskin". Mgbe ịlele ahụ ventilashion grille, ndị ọkachamara ruo nkwubi okwu na ọ bụ nke kwatuo.