Indian Ocean: oké osimiri omimi. The ala nke Indian Ocean. The okpomọkụ na enyemaka nke Indian Ocean

Na mbara ala anyị bụ dara oké ọnụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla: a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na ahịhịa, ọtụtụ akụ na ụba nke anụ ọhịa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'ụba aquatic ndụ. All a na ndị ọzọ na-dị na anyị mara mma n'ala.

N'ezie onye ọ bụla maara na na mbara ala a e nwere ebe anọ nnukwu oké osimiri. Ha niile bụ oké ke ha onwe ha ụzọ. Pacific, ihe atụ, kasị ukwuu, na-Atlantic - nnu Arctic - oyi na Indian - ndị kacha bụrụ ezigbo. Ebe a bụ nke ikpeazụ anyị ga-etinye isiokwu anyị.

Ndi ị maara na Indian Ocean bụ nke atọ kasị ukwuu? Ya ebe bụ ma ihe ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 76,17 nde km, nke bụ 20% nke ụwa dum. Ya mere, ihe bụ ihe nzuzo nke omimi dike nke anyị na-echekwa? Anyị ga-aghọta mgbe e mesịrị.

General ozi na ebe

Na n'ebe ugwu, oké osimiri washes omimi Asia, nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - adventurous Australia, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - anyanwụ Africa, na n'ebe ndịda - kentuoyi Antarctica. 30 ^nke meridian ugwu ohere bụ kasị elu mgbe na Indian Ocean. Ọ bụ nsogbu na Persian Gulf. 20 ^na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ lonjituudu meridian forms ókè-Atlantic Ocean na Pacific - ^banyere 55 146 nke otu lonjituudu. Na ogologo nke Indian Ocean - 100,000 km.

A okwu ole na ole banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ụfọdụ ebe nke oge ochie mepee dị kpomkwem n'ikperé anyị dike. Researchers na-ekwu na otu n'ime ndị mbụ navigation e mezuru n'elu mmiri nke Indian Ocean, banyere 6 puku. Afọ gara aga. Kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-Arab-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri oké osimiri na-aga. The mbụ obodo ozi pụtara na 90s nke narị afọ nke 15, n'oge ndụ nke Vasco de Gama, nke mbụ bụ na ihe ndị mere merie si Europe na India. Ọ bụ ya na-gwara banyere ọtụtụ beauties nke mmiri, nke nyere Indian Ocean.

oké osimiri omimi e tụrụ maka oge mbụ ụwa na-ama si akwọ ụgbọ mmiri James Cook, ama maka ya njem gburugburu ụwa na ọtụtụ nchoputa na ubi nke ọdịdị ala. Explore oké osimiri n'ụzọ niile, malitere na XIX narị afọ, otu n'ime ndị òtù nke ama British njem ndị mmadụ merela Furrow-adịghị agwụ agwụ expanses nke ama ship "Challenger".

Nke obodo-na-asa site na Indian Ocean?

Nke a na ibu washes nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-ekwu, na ma Chile na agwaetiti.

Continental mba nke Indian Ocean:

- India;

- Australia;

- Thailand;

- Saudi Arabia;

- Iran;

- Iraq;

- Indonesia;

- Egypt;

- Somalia;

- Kenya;

- South Africa;

- Pakistan;

- United Arab Emirates;

- Myanmar;

- Malaysia;

- Mozambique;

- Bangladesh;

- Oman.

Indian Ocean agwaetiti mba:

- Mauritius;

- Maldives;

- Sri Lanka;

- Madagascar;

- Seychelles.

Ebe a bụ ihe dị otú a nke ukwu Indian Ocean.

Omimi nke oké osimiri

Indian Ocean nwere ya mejupụtara nke ise oké osimiri nile. Ha na-etolite na omimi na ebe anyị dike. Ya mere, ihe atụ, na Arabian Sea bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mie emie na Indian Ocean. A mkpa bụ ufọt ufọt osimiri ridges, na ya center, ebe Rift Valley na-emi odude. Omimi n'elu ya bụ ma ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị, na 3600 m. The kasị n'ókè nke Indian Ocean na-emi odude nso n'àgwàetiti Java na Sunda trenchi, na bụ 7455 m. N'ụzọ dị iche na Pacific Ocean, ọ bụ ezughị, n'ihi na ya kacha omimi nke 11.022 m. ( Mariana trenchi).

Indian Ocean Climate

Kasị nke oké osimiri bụ na-ekpo, Equatorial na subequatorial zones, dị nnọọ n'ebe ndịda nke ya ebe dị na elu latitudes.

Climate Monsoons bụ n'oge a kara aka na ifufe, na ugwu nke oké osimiri. Na mpaghara ebe a na e nwere abụọ a kara aka:-ekpo ọkụ, dịkwa nwayọọ winters na-ekpo ọkụ, ezo, urukpuru, oké summers. Kwupụta ndịda akwado nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ahia ifufe. Na ọnọdụ latitudes, mgbe niile-enwe a ike westerly ifufe. Oke ọdịda n'akparamagwa na Equatorial mpaghara (banyere 3000 mm kwa afọ). Kacha nta - n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Uhie, Arabian Gulf.

salinity

Oke ụkpụrụ nke salinity nke elu mmiri nke Indian Ocean - na Oké Osimiri Uhie na Persian Gulf (41%). Ọ bụkwa a pụtara elu ọnụego nke salinity hụrụ ókèala ndịda nke okpomọkụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ka anyị na-kwupụta Bay of Bengal na-adalata adalata budata - ruo 34%.

Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-amụba salinity ọnụego nke ọdịda na evaporation.

Kacha nta arụmọrụ e ji mara nke Antarctic mmiri. Dị ka a na-achị, ndị dị otú ahụ a na-akpata na mpaghara ebe a na-emetụta ndị agbaze nke kpụkọrọ.

okpomọkụ

Indian Ocean okpomọkụ na mmiri n'elu bụ ^banyere 29 C. Nke a bụ ọgụgụ kasị. Naa hụrụ Africa n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe dị n'ime Somali - + 22-23 ^C. Mgbe ụwa, n'elu mmiri okpomọkụ averages + 26-28 ^C. Ọ bụrụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda, ọ esịmde -1 ^{° C} (na Antarctica mben).

Ya onyinye okpomọkụ mgbanwe a mere na icebergs na na obere okwu ókèala igwu mmiri n'ebe ndịda latitudes.

Dị ka a pụrụ hụrụ, nkezi okpomọkụ nke Indian Ocean dị ka a dum dị elu, nke bụ ya mere anyị dike na ọdịda nke aha "ndị kacha bụrụ ezigbo oké osimiri ndị dị n'ụwa."

bays

Indian Ocean nwere 19 bays (3 of ha nwe Osimiri Uhie):

1. Gulf of Aden. Ọ bụ nke zuru ezu dị mkpa na aku na uba. Ọ na-eji ibufe gas na mmanụ na Europe. Bay na jikọọ na Bab-el-Mandeb Strait na Oké Osimiri Uhie. Ọ bụ ihe akụkụ nke n'Osimiri Arebia. Na ogologo nke ọ bụ 890 sq km. Na-adịbeghị anya, na ókèala ndị Gulf of Aden, ikpe nke paireti robberies.
2. Great Australian Bight. Ogologo - 1335 puku square kilomita .. Omimi - 5670 km. Bay erukwa si Western Cape na Cape, emi odude ke Tasmania.
3. Carpentaria. Omimi -. 69 m The n'ọnụ mmiri bụ nke Arafura Sea. Ọ juts n'ala 600 km.
4. Shark. Emi odude 650 kilomita site n'obodo Perth. All na bays nke Indian Ocean nwere onwe ha akụkọ ihe mere eme na e ji mara, Shark - nanị otu ụdị Heritage. Kwa afọ, ya eke mara mma na-adọta 120,000 ọbịa otu afọ.
5. Spencer. Ọ dị na South Australia. Ogologo-ya - 322 km, obosara - 129 km. Washes York Peninsula na Eyre.
6. Van Diemen. Ọ kpọ aha-chọpụtara Abel Tasman na nsọpụrụ nke Governor-General Anthony van Diemen. Bay Area bụ 14,000 sq. km.
7. Manza. Odude na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Tanzania, 16 km si n'obodo Tanga.
8. Gulf of Cambay. Bụ ihe dị mkpa azụmahịa center, ejikọ ndị ụzọ azụmahịa nke Indian Ocean na India. The ogologo bụ 130 km.
9. Gulf of Oman. Ejikọ ndị Persian Gulf n'Osimiri Arebia. Ogologo-ya - 45 km, obosara - 330 km, omimi - 3695 km.
10. Zhosef Bonaparte. Aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke Ọkpara nne nke Napoleon. na mpaghara 26780 square kilomita. Na nke a n'ọnụ mmiri nwere ọtụtụ oilfield.
11. Maputo. Ogologo-ya - 112 km, omimi nke - 16 m, obosara - 40 km. Na nke a n'ọnụ mmiri dị mma mepere azu, karịsịa oporo azu.
12. Saint Vincent. Otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu bays ke akụkụ ebe ndịda nke Australia.
13. Persian Gulf. Ọgaranya na mmanụ mee. Ọ bụ ihe kasị mkpa geopolitical kwadoro. Area - 233.000 square kilomita, omimi - 75 m, obosara - 320 km, ogologo - 925 km.
14. Tajura. Washes Djibouti na Somalia. Na ụzọ nke Ni Ashinova obodo e wuru na ya n'ókèala n'okpuru aha "New Moscow".
15. Phang NGA. Ọ bụ a na-ewu ewu na-eleta eleta. Area - 400 sq. km.
16. Gulf of Martaban. Washes n'ikperé Myanmar. Ogologo - 150 km ogologo - 220 km, omimi nke - 20 m.
17. Gulf of Mannar. Ogaranya ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na Indian Ocean. Home ihe karịrị 3,500 umu nke azụ. Mepere pearling. National Park e guzobere na ókèala ndị Gulf, mechara kwuo, a Biosphere idobere.

The bays Oké Osimiri Uhie nke Indian Ocean

1. Aqaba. Na-adịbeghị anya na-eme ka enwetara mkpa. Ogologo - 175 km, obosara - 29 km. West Bank bụ Egypt, East - Saudi Arabia, North - Jordan na Israel.
2. Makadi. Ọ na-adọta ndị njem nleta na ya pụtara coral osimiri. Bụ a n'ọnụ mmiri agbatị 30 km n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Uhie.
3. Gulf of Suez. Asian Sinaiysky ekewapụ dịịrị banye na mmiri si Africa. Ogologo - 290 km, obosara - 55 km.

enyemaka

The enyemaka nke Indian Ocean e ji ya omimi nke riiji akpọ Indian Central riiji. Ọ na-esetị tinyere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Indian n'ógbè buru ibu. The nkezi omimi nke n'elu ya bụ 3.5 km pụọ. N'ebe ụfọdụ na ọ na-ebelata na bụ mkpokọta 2.4 km. Mgbe nke a riiji abahade otuowo. The alaka mbụ na-aga kwupụta n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na esịmde ókèala ndị Pacific Ocean, ọ fọrọ nke nta emetụ Antarctica, na-agwụ n'oge Southeast Indian Ridge, omimi nke nke - 3.5 km.

N'alaka-ibe-aga Antarctica n'ebe ndịda na-agwụ na a riiji akpọ Kargelen-Gausberg, nke kacha nta omimi n'elu nke - 0,5 km, kacha - 2.3 km.

Central Indian Ocean riiji ekewa abụọ dị iche iche-sized akụkụ: n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Odude na ókèala nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Indo-Australian na South Australian Basin, omimi nke nke dịgasị si 500 na 7455 m. Na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Indo-Australian Basin bụ kasị ịda mbà n'obi, nke nwere Indian Ocean. Omimi nke oké osimiri, ọzọ kpomkwem, ya kasị elu mgbe, emi odude nso n'àgwàetiti Java (7455 m).

The ala nke Indian Ocean n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke enyemaka dị nnọọ iche n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na Ọdịdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na nke ikpeazụ na-ebu a ịrịba abawanye na ala (na-efu nke na ọtụtụ mgbe na-arụpụta obere size nke agwaetiti) na mkpumkpu ndokwa nke efere.

N'ebe ugwu nke agwaetiti nke Madagascar na-emi odude efere a na-akpọ Somali, omimi nke bụ 5.2 km. N'ebe ndịda nke agwaetiti bụ a dị larịị, aha Crozet, gbara ya gburugburu n'akụkụ niile nke efere. Omimi ya bụ 2,5 km pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-akpali n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, e bụ Central Indian Basin. Omimi ya bụ 5.5 km pụọ. N'agbata Madagascar na Crozet Islands, a nta n'ebe ugwu, ọ bụ a na ịda mbà n'obi na-akpọ Madagascar na a omimi nke 5,78 km. N'ebe ndịda - efere nke na Cape Agulhas, omimi nke nke - 5.5 km. Relief Indian Ocean kwupụta Antarctic ji omission nke ala. Omimi nke ebe esịmde 5.8 km.

Biota

Nature Indian Ocean iche iche ma-akpali nnọọ mmasị. Ọ bụ ebe obibi ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi ndị na-agba nkịtị na-mgbe oké ọkọchị na idei mmiri.

Ọtụtụ nke ebe okpomọkụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Indian Ocean ọkọnọ mangrove ma ọ bụ Rhizophora (mangroves). Nke ụmụ anụmanụ na ókèala bi ọtụtụ ụdị crabs. Fish akpọ mudskipper bi fọrọ nke nta dum mangrove ebe nke Indian Ocean.

Na-emighị emi mmiri nke ebe okpomọkụ ruby agba nkịtị bi na azụ ha na ọtụtụ invertebrates.

Na ọnọdụ zones eto aja aja, acha anụnụ anụnụ na-green na -acha uhie uhie algae, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ kelp na fucus mikrotsistisy. N'etiti phytoplankton na-adịkwaghị diatoms, na n'ebe okpomọkụ - peridinians.

The kasị ama ịsha, nke bụ ihe kpagburuibe na Indian Ocean, bụ copepods. Ugbu a, e nwere ihe karịrị 20,000 umu. Na nke abụọ n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ ibi na oké osimiri, e nwere azundika jelii na skwid. N'etiti azụ mara tuna, sailfish, efe efe azu, Dorado na-egbuke egbuke anchovies.

Họọrọ ebe nke oké osimiri na ize ndụ umu. Umu azu shark, agụ iyi na agwọ ọjọọ mgbe nile eji egwu na obodo.

N'etiti mammals na Indian Ocean na-adịkwaghị Azụ dolphin, whales, dugongs na akàrà. Birds - penguins, albatrosses na frigeeti nnụnụ.

egwu mmiri

Egwu mmiri Indian Ocean bụ nnọọ iche iche. Nke a na-agụnye African osimiri - na Zambezi na Limpopo; isi Asian osimiri - na Irrawaddy, Salween; Euphrates na Agu, nke jikota na onye ọ bụla ọzọ dị n'elu confluence nke Gulf; Indus empties n'ime n'Osimiri Arebia.

Fishing na saltwater azu

Economic eme nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri bi aku a ogologo oge. Ruo taa, ịkụ azụ na Erimeri dị mkpa nke ukwuu n'ihi na aku na uba nke ọtụtụ mba, nke na-asa site na Indian Ocean. Omimi nke oké osimiri na-enye a ọgaranya onyinye ndị mmadụ, ihe atụ, na Sri Lanka, na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Australia na Bahrain Islands aga kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mmepụta nke nacre ma ib.

Near Antarctica ndị mmadụ na-arụsi whaling, na nso ụwa a rụrụ tuna azu.

Na Gulf, emi odude ukwuu isi iyi nke mmanụ, na ma ala gbara osimiri okirikiri n'ókèala, na n'okpuru mmiri.

Environmental nsogbu nke Indian Ocean

Human ọrụ emewo ka ọdachi. Ocean mmiri bụ ihe rụrụ arụ, nke nta nke nta na-eduga ná ikpochapu nke ụfọdụ ụdị mmiri. Ka ihe atụ, ọtụtụ ụdị whale na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 20 bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpochapu. Ukwuu belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sei na sperm whale.

Na 80s nke narị afọ nke 20 site Commission on Whaling ẹkenam a ngụkọta mmachibido iwu na achụ nta ha. Mebiri nke moratorium nditịm ahuhu dika iwu. Ma na 2010, n'okpuru nduzi nke mba ndị dị ka Japan, Denmark, Iceland, mmachibido iwu ahụ, n'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ na-kagbuo.

Great ize ndụ mmiri bụ mmetọ nke oké osimiri mmiri mmanụ, na ụdị nile nke nuclear n'efu na arọ ọla. Ọzọkwa, gafee oké osimiri bụ ụzọ mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri tanker na-ebu mmanụ si Persian Gulf na Europe. Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile nke a na mberede mberede ndị dị otú ahụ iga, ọ ga-eduga uka mbibi nke mmiri n'okpuru osimiri bi.

Mụta ọdịdị ala bu ezi-akpali, karịsịa mgbe ọ na-abịa mara mma na mmiri bi. The kasị zuru ezu ọmụmụ na Indian Ocean 7 klas nke a ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Children ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-ege ntị ihe nile onye nkụzi kwuru banyere nke a mara mma ma na omimi ibu, nke jukwara na di iche iche nke ahịhịa na ọgaranya fauna.