Isi nke mmadụ. Anatomy na physiology nke ngwa nke ọhụụ

Ahụ anyị interacts na gburugburu ebe obibi site na uche ziri ezi, ma ọ bụ analyzers. Na enyemaka ha, ndị mmadụ na-adịghị na-enwe ike "na-eche" na-abụghị ụwa, na ndabere nke ahụmahụ ndị a, o nwere a pụrụ iche nke echiche - onwe-mata, creativity, ikike na-atụ anya ihe, wdg ...

Gịnị bụ a Parser?

Dị I. P. Pavlovu, onye ọ bụla analyzer (na ọbụna ngwa nke ọhụụ) - bụghị na ndị ọzọ, dị ka a mgbagwoju "usoro". Ọ bụ ike ọ bụghị naanị na ịchọpụta ihere gburugburu ebe obibi n'ókè na tọghata ha n'ime a usu ike, ma na-emepụta elu analysis na njikọ.

Ụzọ, nakwa dị ka ọ bụla ọzọ analyzer mejupụtara 3 integral akụkụ:

- elu akụkụ nke bụ maka uzọ nke mpụga ihe mkpali na ume na ya nhazi n'ime akwara esi gboo;

- na ụzọ nke a akwara na-akwadoghị akwado aga ozugbo na akwara center;

- cortical njedebe nke analyzer (ma ọ bụ aka center), emi odude na na ụbụrụ.

All akwara esi gboo si analyzer aga kpọmkwem n'ime Central ụjọ usoro, ebe niile ozi na-esichara. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a niile na-eme, na e nwere nghọta - ike ịnụ ihe, ịhụ, aka, na na ..

Ka sensory ngwa ọhụụ dị mkpa karịsịa, n'ihi na enweghị ndị na-egbuke egbuke foto, ndụ na-aghọ na-agwụ ike na mee. Ọ na-enye 90% nke gburugburu ebe obibi ozi.

Anya - na ngwa nke n'anya, nke ka na-ghọtara, ma ka echiche nke ya na Mmebe e. Na nke a bụ ihe ga-aga n'ime ya n'isiokwu a.

Anatomy na physiology nke ngwa nke ọhụụ

Ka anyị lee ihe nile iji.

Organ nke n'anya bụ nwa anya na optic akwara na ụfọdụ enyemaka ozu. The nwa anya nwere a * Tụkwasị na udi, a na nnukwu na size (ya uru na okenye ~ 7.5 cubic sentimita). Ọ nwere ihe abụọ okporo osisi: n'ihu ma n'azụ. Ọ mejupụtara a isi nke a kpụrụ site atọ shells: na fibrous liner na retina vasculature (ma ọ bụ intima). Nke a bụ mmewere nke ngwa nke ọhụụ. Ugbu a, n'ihi na onye ọ bụla so na zuru ezu.

Fibrous mkpuchi anya

The elu shei nke ntọala mejupụtara ndị sclera, n'azụ kaadị, na ok connective membranes na cornea, a uzo convex òkè anya nke na-enweghị ọbara arịa. The cornea mkpokọta 1 mm na ọkpụrụkpụ na banyere 12 mm n'obosara.

N'okpuru ebe a bụ esereese nke na-egosi a sectional echiche nke ahu. E nwere ihe i nwere ike ịhụ ebe e nwere otu ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke nwa anya.

choroid

The abụọ aha nke shei nke ntọala - na choroid. Ọ na-emi odude na n'okpuru sclera, ọ bụ ihe jupụtara ọbara arịa na mejupụtara 3 akụkụ: kasị nke choroid na iris na ciliary ahu nke anya.

The choroid bụ ok netwọk nke akwara ndị gara na veins, nwere njikọ chiri anya. N'etiti ha bụ omume rụrụ fibrous connective anụ ahụ na-bụ ọgaranya nnukwu ink mkpụrụ ndụ.

Front choroid were were n'ime ciliary ahụ a thickened annular udi. Ya bu n'obi nzube - ulo nke anya. Ọ na-akwado ndị ciliary ahụ, na oghere were na erukwa. Ọ mejupụtara abụọ akụkụ: esịtidem (ciliary okpueze) na elu (ciliary gburugburu).

Site Para plana ka oghere 70 ịgbatị ciliary Filiks ogologo banyere 2 mm. K-spikes mmasị Zinn eriri n'ùkwù n'ùkwù (ciliary ọkiké) abịa anya oghere.

Ciliary gbalaga bụ fọrọ nke nta niile nke ciliary muscle. Mgbe ọ na-contracts, oghere na-ịgbatị na mechie anya, mgbe nke ya ntopute (na ya Refractive ike) na-amụba, na e nwere ulo.

N'ihi na eziokwu na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ciliary muscle atrophy agadi n'ebe ha na e nwere connective anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ, ulo njọ ma na-amalite ilepụ anya n'ihu. Na nke a, ndị ahụ na ndị ọjọọ si anagide ya ọrụ, mgbe mmadụ na-agba mbọ na-atụle ihe ọ bụla dị nso.

iris

The iris bụ a gburugburu disk udi na onu ke center - ka nwa. Ọ na-emi odude n'etiti oghere na cornea.

Na vaskụla oyi akwa nke iris abụọ uru. The mbụ forms suzhivatel (sphincter) nke nwa akwụkwọ; nke abụọ, na Kama nke ahụ, ka nwa kọwakwuru.

Nke bụ ego nke melanin na iris na-adabere na agba nke anya-ya abua. Photo nhọrọ na-mmasị n'okpuru.

The obere ink na iris - na Mkpa ọkụ na agba nke anya. Authority of arụ ya ọrụ ahụ n'agbanyeghị nke agba nke iris.

Gray-green anya pụtakwara na a obere ego nke melanin.

The ọchịchịrị agba nke anya, na foto bụ n'elu, na-egosi na larịị nke melanin na iris elu.

Esịtidem (photosensitive) shei

The retina bụ kpam kpam-ekpe na choroid. Ọ na-kpụrụ abụọ iberibe: ihe elu (ink) na obi iru (photosensitive).

The photosensitive desyatisloynoy shei dịpụrụ adịpụ trehneyronnye anọchi anya photoreceptor mpụta oyi akwa radially gbakwasara yinye associative ganglion n'etiti na n'ime n'ígwé.

N'èzí mmasị ka choroid oyi akwa nke ink epithelial mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-anya na kọntaktị na oyi akwa nke n'iwu ma cones. Ndị na ndị ọzọ na - bụghị nanị elu Filiks (ma ọ bụ axon) nke photoreceptor sel (neuron m).

The mkpara na-ekewet nke n'ime na elu agba. Nke ikpeazụ a kpụrụ site abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ discs, nke bụ a plasma akpụkpọ ahụ folds. The cones na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site na nke ukwu (ha na-ebu ibu) na odidi nke draịva.

Na retina, e nwere atọ ụdị cones, na na ụdị otu ruo. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpara nwere ike iru 70 nde, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ihe, mgbe cone - na 5-7 nde.

Dị ka ekwuola, e nwere atọ ụdị cones. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ewe a dị iche iche na agba:-acha anụnụ anụnụ, red ma ọ bụ acha odo odo.

Ruo kwesịkwara ịghọta ihe ọmụma banyere ihe na udi ma na ìhè gị ụlọ.

Onye ọ bụla nke photoreceptor mkpụrụ ndụ napu apu mkpa odide ntụkwasị nke Nleta synapse (ebe abụọ akwara ozi na-kpọtụụrụ) ọzọ abụba bipolar akwara ozi (neuron II). Adịbeghị anya-ebunye excitation ama ibu ganglion sel (neuron III). Axons (Filiks) mkpụrụ ndụ na-etolite na optic akwara.

oghere

Nke a uzo crystal biconvex oghere 7-10 mm n'obosara. Ọ dịghị akwara ma ọ bụ ọbara na arịa. N'okpuru nduzi nke ciliary muscle oghere bụ ike ịgbanwe ya udi. Ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị a na udi nke oghere na-akpọ ulo nke anya. Mgbe arụnyere na a anya ọhụụ oghere na-esisịt, na nso ọhụụ - abawanye.

Ọnụ na vitreous oghere Nleta a ìhè-refracting ajụ anya.

vitreous ahụ

Ha jupụtara niile dị mbara n'etiti retina na oghere. Ọ nwere a jelii-dị ka crystalline Ọdịdị.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ ahụ nke igwefoto yiri ụkpụrụ nke na ngwaọrụ. The nwa akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ nke diaphragm, ibelata ma ọ bụ iwepụtakwu dabere na ọkụ. Dị ka oghere - vitreous na oghere. Light ụzarị ada na retina, ma oyiyi flipped si.

N'ihi photorefractive media (otú oghere na vitreous ahu) doo nke ìhè dara na-acha odo odo ntụpọ na retina, nke bụ ihe kasị mma ọhụụ ebe. Cones na mkpara na-amụnye ebili mmiri ruru nanị mgbe rue dum retinal ọkpụrụkpụ.

locomotion

Locomotion anya na-eme ka striated 4 rectus uru (ala, elu, mpụta na medial) na abụọ oblique (ala na elu). Rectus uru na-ahụ maka uzo nke nwa anya na kwesịrị ekwesị direction, na oblique - maka mbịne gburugburu sagittal axis. Movement nke ma eyeballs synchronous naanị n'ihi uru.

mbubere

Skin n'ogige atụrụ nzube - amachi palpebral fissure na-emechi ya n'oge mmechi, chebe n'ihu nwa anya. Mgbe ọ bụla afọ bụ banyere 75 lashes, bụ onye nzube - iji chebe nwa anya site na kọntaktị na ndị mba ọzọ ihe.

About ozugbo ọ bụla 5-10 sekọnd a onye blinks.

lacrimal ngwa

Ọ mejupụtara nke lacrimal gland na lacrimal usoro. Anya mmiri neutralize microorganisms na ike moisten conjunctiva. Tearless anya conjunctiva na cornea ga nanị akpọnwụwo, na nwoke ga-arahụ ìsì.

The lacrimal glands emepụta kwa ụbọchị dị ka otu narị milliliters nke anya mmiri. Nti eziokwu: inyom ákwá ọzọ mgbe karịa mmadụ, n'ihi na ntọhapụ nke adọka ọmụmụ akwalite hormone prolactin (nke ụmụ agbọghọ a otutu ihe).

Ọwọrọ adọka mejupụtara mmiri nwere banyere 0,5% albumin, 1.5% sodium chloride, a obere imi na lysozyme, nke nwere a bactericidal edinam. Ọ nwere a ubé alkaline mmeghachi omume.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ mmadụ anya: atụmatụ

Ka anyị lebakwuo anya na Mmebe nke ngwa nke ọhụụ site drawings.

Ihe ogugu egosi schematically n'elu akụkụ nke ahụ ahụ na a kwụ sectional ele. ebe a:

1 - akaị n'etiti rectus muscle;

2 - azụ igwefoto;

3 - cornea;

4 - ka nwa;

5 - oghere;

6 - n'ihu igwefoto;

7 - iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - akaị kpọmkwem mpụta uru;

10 - vitreous;

11 - na sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - na retina;

14 - odo ntụpọ;

15 - na optic akwara;

16 - ọbara arịa nke retina.

Nke a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi na a schematic Ọdịdị nke ahụ retina. The akụ na-egosi na ntụziaka nke ìhè doo ya. Ọgụgụ akara:

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - pigmented sel nke retina;

4 - ruo;

5 - cones;

6 - kwụ mkpụrụ ndụ;

7 - bipolar mkpụrụ ndụ;

8 - amacrine mkpụrụ ndụ;

9 - ganglion mkpụrụ ndụ;

10 - eriri optic akwara.

Ihe ogugu egosi a esereese nke ihe ngwa anya axis nke anya:

1 - ihe;

2 - cornea;

3 - nwa;

4 - iris;

5 - oghere;

6 - Central ebe;

7 - Image.

Nso ke idem?

Dị ka ekwuola, a onye ọhụụ eziga fọrọ nke nta 90% nke ihe ọmụma banyere ụwa gbara anyị gburugburu. Enweghị ya, ụwa ga-abụ otu ụdị na mee.

Organ nke ọhụụ bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju na ghọtara site Parser. Ọbụna taa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ajụjụ banyere ihe owuwu ma na nzube nke ahụ a.

Isi ọrụ nke ngwa nke ọhụụ - ìhè nghọta, forms nke ụwa, ihe nke ọnọdụ na ohere, na na ..

Ìhè nwere ike ime ka mgbagwoju mgbanwe retina, na otú a, ihe zuru ezu mkpali na akụkụ nke ọhụụ. Ọ na-kweere na mbụ na-aghọta iyatesịt rhodopsin.

Kasị qualitative visual nghọta na-nyere na ihe oyiyi nke ihe ga-ada na mpaghara nke retina, ọkacha mma na ya Central onu. The ime ebe site na etiti nke ntule onyinyo nke ihe, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ obere doro anya. Otú ahụ bụ physiology nke ngwa nke ọhụụ.

Eye ọrịa

Ka anyị lee ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị anya ọrịa.

1. Hyperopia. The abụọ aha nke ọrịa - hyperopia. A onye ọrịa a isi ike ịhụ ihe ndị na-emetụ. Na-emekarị siri ike na-agụ, na-arụ ọrụ na obere ihe. Na-emekarị na-amalite na ndị mmadụ, ma nwekwara ike ịpụta na-eto eto. Kpamkpam gwọọ hyperopia pụrụ nanị iji na opretsionnogo aka.
2. Myopia (na-akpọ myopia). The ọrịa e ji enweghi ike ịhụ nke ọma ihe na dị nnọọ ezu pụọ.
3. Glaucoma - ụba intraocular nsogbu. Ọ na-adị n'ihi na ọmụmụ mgbasa ọrịa na anya. Ọ na-emeso ya na ọgwụ, ma ịwa ahụ nwere ike a chọrọ na ụfọdụ.
4. Cataract - bụghị na ndị ọzọ, dị ka a mebiri nke nghọta nke anya oghere. Enyemaka tufuo ọrịa nwere ike na-ophthalmologist. Ọ na-achọ ịwa ahụ, nke a onye ọhụụ nwere ike weghachiri eweghachi.
5. Mkpali oria. Ndị a gụnyere conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, na ndị ọzọ. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na ya n'ụzọ dị ize ndụ na nwere ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche: ụfọdụ nwere ike gwọrọ na ọgwụ, na ụfọdụ nanị mgbe enyemaka arụmọrụ.

ọrịa Prevention

Ihe mbụ na-echeta bụ na anya gị na-mkpa iji zuru ike, na ịṅụbiga mmega ihe ọma ọ bụla na-agaghị eme.

Jiri naanị elu-edu ọkụ na oriọna ike nke 60 100 watts.

Iduzi ihe omume n'ihi na anya, ma ọ dịkarịa ala rue nnyocha site ophthalmologist otu ugboro n'afọ.

Cheta na ọrịa anya ozu - bụ oké egwu àgwà nke ndụ gị.