Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: biography, njem na ọ chọpụtara

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) bụghị naanị a kpara akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ochiagha, asọpụrụ so na Petersburg Academy nke Sciences, ma a pụrụ iche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na otu onye nke founders nke Russian Oceanology. Nwoke a nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na ma ihe mere eme nke anụ ụlọ mmiri njem ndị mmadụ merela, na n'ozuzu niile gara n'ozuzu. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị maara na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke mbụ "Atlas South Sea" bụ kpọmkwem Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Brief biography nke Russian akwọ ụgbọ mmiri bụ na Akwụkwọ na ya ebe niile pụrụ iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ, dị ka bụ aha ahụ maara na ọ bụla gụrụ akwụkwọ onye, a na-egosikarị ndị a na-Russian Oceanography, ọdịdị mbara ala na na. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: a obere biography

Nke a Russian-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-na nwa na aha ya bụ Adam Ioann, si a Russified German ezinụlọ Ostsee ma ama, onye nchoputa ya nna nna nna - Filipp Kruzius. Ịmụ Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, onye biography nwere njikọ chiri anya nke oké osimiri, nke asatọ November 1770 na Estonia, ala na ụlọ Hagudis. Nna ya bụ onye ikpe. Site na nwata, ọdịnihu ochiagha chọrọ gburugburu site oké osimiri n'ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na ndụ ya mgbe niile jikọrọ oké osimiri, na nrọ ya e ozugbo aghọta.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern mgbe Revel Church School, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka afọ atọ malite na afọ iri na abụọ, ozugbo banye naanị n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Kronstadt, nke zụrụ isi nke nsoro - na Marine Corps. The mbụ mkpọsa nke-eto eto midshipman na mmiri expanses nwoghara 1787 site na Baltic Oké Osimiri. N'oge na-adịghị Russian-Swedish agha. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, Ivan Kruzenshtern, ọ bụghị inwe oge rụchaa N'ezie, tupu oge e debara aha n'ime midshipmen on a linear 74 egbe ship "Mstislav". Nke a mere na 1788. Akwanyere ya ùgwù onwe ha Agha nke Hogland n'otu afọ, na-eto eto na Ivan ji iwu. Na maka ya ọrụ na oké osimiri agha na Vyborg n'ọnụ mmiri na Krasnaya Gorka na Revel na 1790 e mere ka a onyeisi.

n'afọ ofufo oge na UK

Na 1793, iri na abua ọrụ standouts iji mma Maritime omume e zigara England. Otu n'ime ha bụ na Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Biography nke Admiral n'ọdịnihu site na nke a oge na-amalite n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na-eto eto. Ebe hapụrụ Russian Alaeze Ukwu, a ogologo oge enye ama awat na frigeeti Thetis apụ edem edere n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke America, ebe ihe karịrị otu ugboro abuana ke agha na French mmiri gara Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda. Iji na-amụ East Indian mmiri, ọ banyere n'ime Bay of Bengal. Nzube ya bụ ime ka a ụzọ maka Russian ahia na mpaghara.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, mgbe ọ bụ Ọchịagha nke Order of St. George anọ ọkwa, ike nwere mmasị na ajị anụ ahia Russia na China, bụ nke mere site n'ala ụzọ si Okhotsk on Kyakhta. N'ịbụ Canton, o nwere ohere aka ịhụ uru, nke nwere ike inwe Russia on kpọmkwem ahịa nke ha furs ka China site n'oké osimiri. Ke adianade do, n'agbanyeghị ikwu na-eto eto, ọdịnihu Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern gbalịrị igosi a kpọmkwem mmekọrịta Russian obodo ukwu ojiji dị na ókèala nke America, iji na-enwe ike inye ha ihe nile dị mkpa. E wezụga ya, ọ malitere iche na ime kpọrọ-eche banyere ya malitere tupu Swedish agha The Epic circumnavigation oru ngo, onye isi nzube ga-melite Russian Navy ka anya ụzọ gasị, nakwa dị ka mmepe nke colonial ahia. Ya mere, na-egwu mmiri na ọrụ dị na mmiri nke Indian, Pacific na Atlantic osimiri, ụgbọ mmiri na-ịgagharị niile kwere omume ụzọ.

Homecoming

Na ahụmahụ na guzosie ike, na 1799 Ivan afọ isii mgbe e mesịrị laghachi Russia. Na St. Petersburg, ọ gbalịrị-ewetara ha oru na echiche onye agha mmiri, ma ahụghị nghọta.

Otú ọ dị, mgbe na 1802 a yiri amaghị bụ ịrụ isi osisi nke Russian Ministry of Commerce, Emperor Alexander m mma ya, na e kpebiri, nsonye nditịm ụwa njem. Dị nnọọ n'oge a na m chetara Kruzenshtern, ịkpọ ya eze.

The mbụ circumnavigation

The Emperor, ukwuu n'ike mmụọ nsọ na-ngo, mma ya ma nye ohere maka onye Kruzenshtern ya, mmejuputa iwu. The njem a họpụtara abụọ obere ụgbọ mmiri sloop "Hope", erikpu 450 tọn na obere Mkpa ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri "Neva". Iji iwu njem na isi ship Kruzenshtern bụ Ivan, oghere nke nke e mesịrị-aga na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian igodo dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa. A iwu nke sloop "Neva" e nyere ya ezigbo enyi, Lieutenant-Ọchịagha YU Lisyansky.

Ebube njem malitere ná mmalite nke August 1803. Ma ụgbọ mmiri ndị n'out oge nke Kronstadt ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-aga na a ogologo na nnọọ ike n'ụzọ. The isi ọrụ nke e debere n'ihu njem - a na-amụ n'ọnụ Amur River na-achọpụta ọhụrụ ụzọ gasị. Ọ ka mgbe e ji kpọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ Russian Pacific Fleet, ghọta na ogologo oge tụkwasịrị obi enyi na ụmụ klas - Kruzenshtern na Lisyansky. Ha na-ahụ na-aga site na a ọtụtụ ihe isi ike.
Court nwere iyi a agha ọkọlọtọ. E wezụga shopping nzube, na sloop "Hope" nwere na-gaa Japan, na Russian nnọchiteanya - Chamberlain Rezanov, onye ji ụgwọ hazie ahia mmekọahụ Japan. Na n'ihi nzube nke nnyocha sayensị si Russian Academy nke Sciences njem e zigara n'okike Langsdorf na Tilesius na-enyocha mbara igwe Horner.

Southern Ụwa

Na-aga na a wakporo Kronstadt, Ụlọikpe igwu mmiri na mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Copenhagen, na Falmouth, ụgbọala n'àgwàetiti Tenerife, na ama nke iri na anọ nke November, site na ịpị ụwa nke mbụ mere ka Russian agha ọkọlọtọ na Southern Hemisphere. N'oge dum njem mgbazi map, ịchọ ọhụrụ agwaetiti gbara ya gburugburu na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-agbapụ kpomkwem aku Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Nke meghere n'oge a circumnavigation nke oké Explorer, a ga-amara na a afọ ole na ole, mgbe ọ bipụtara ya na ndetu na njem a, na-eweta n'ihu ọha a otutu na-akpali ihe banyere ihe niile ọ hụrụ n'oge njem.

Iru Brazil Santa Catarina, nchọpụta chọpụtara na "Neva" chọrọ a mgbanwe nke elu abụọ, ya mere, anyị na-aghaghị ime a obere adọba ụgbọala na otutu. Mgbe Emechara Ndozi, ụgbọ wee gafee ụwa. Kemgbe ahụ, na Kruzenshtern Lisyansky ama nwere ike ịdị mpako nke ọrụ ha na mba. Mgbe niile, ndị Russian ọkọlọtọ mbụ kụrụ n'ebe ndịda Ụwa, nke n'oge ahụ bụ n'ezie a revolutionary nzọụkwụ.

Na February 1804 mbụ gburugburu ụwa nsoro, ịchịkọta Cape Horn, e kewara ekewa. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na oké ọnọdụ ihu igwe. Site na njedebe nke April Kruzenshtern jisiri ka ndị Marquesas Islands, ebe ndị njem jikọghachiri: n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Anna Maria, onye ga-emecha mara dị ka Nukuhiva, "Neva" na "olileanya" zutere.

Agafe Vashingtonovyh agwaetiti, mbụ Russian circumnavigation njem wee na kwupụta n'ebe ugwu. Ma "Neva" na "olileanya" wee ọzọ na May nso Hawaiian Islands. The mbụ ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri na ntụziaka nke Alaska na ndị ọzọ bụ ihe efu ka n'ikperé Kamchatka na Japan. Ọ ka ebe Ingalik Eskimo Island, nke bụ nke na United States, e eze aha ya bụ agwaetiti Krusenstern.

Japanese akụkụ nke tour

Iri-na-isii na September 1804 na sloop "Nadezhda" bịarutere na Nagasaki. Na Japan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern na-anọ ruo n'afọ ọzọ. Mistrustful na nnọọ ngwa ngwa Japanese mkpebi jụrụ ịnakwere Russian ukọ. N'ikpeazụ, na April, okwu a kpebiri.

Laghachi na Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern kpebiri site n'Oké Osimiri Japan, nke n'oge ahụ kpamkpam unexplored ụgbọ mmiri. Na ụzọ o si nwee ike inyocha n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Nipon na Matsmaya, nakwa dị ka ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti nke Sakhalin. Ke adianade do, Ivan achoputala na ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na isuo.

ozi Mmecha

Igwu mmiri na Pita na Pọl n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, rutere nochite Kruzenshtern alaghachikwuru n'ikperé Sakhalin, o mesịrị ya ọmụmụ, mgbe ahụ, ịchịkọta ya n'ebe ugwu, abatakwa Amur estuary, ebe nke abụọ nke August laghachi Kamchatka, ebe, emepụta nri nri ebuka, "Olileanya" e zigara Kronstadt. N'ihi ya biri a kpara njem gburugburu ụwa Kruzenshtern, nke bụ ihe mbụ e dere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian igodo. Ọ bụ nnọọ ihe ziri ezi atụmatụ oru agaghị abụ naanị a n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ, ma na-na-eme ka ọdịdị ala na eke na sayensị ọmụma bara uru banyere nta mara mba. Emperor nnọọ mmesapụ aka na-utịp Kruzenshtern na Lisiansky, nakwa dị ka ihe niile ndị ọzọ so njem. Na-echeta omume a dị mkpa nke Alexander m nye iwu a pụrụ iche nrite ịkụ aka.

N'ịchịkọta

Na 1811, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, onye photos nwere ike hụrụ na ọ bụla akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke mmiri na ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ, a họpụtara soja nke ọmụmụ ke Sea Cadet agha. Otú ọ dị, na-emepe emepe na-anya ọrịa na kpamkpam ọma bụ mmekọrịta eze na mmiri ozi duuru ya iriọ ezumike n'ebe ọrụ, na na December 1815 mbụ na-aga na ebighị ebi pụọ.

Fọrọ site na mgbe ọ malitere imepe ntụziaka ndị zuru ezu zubere maka ụwa njem, bụ nke mere si 1815 na 1818 n'okpuru idu ndú nke Kotzebue - keobere mara nwa agbọghọ njem. Kruzenshtern ọbụna m gara England, ebe o nyere iwu ndị dị mkpa njem ngwaọrụ. Na-alọta, o nwetara ebighị ebi ezumike, malitere-arụ ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke ya "Atlas South Sea", nke a gaara esonyere hydrographic ndetu na analysis of ọrụ izyasneniem. Ivan na-enyere ya aka ọkachamara edozi na kere izi ihe dị ukwuu nkọwa nke njem na a ọtụtụ map na drawings. Ọrụ a, nke e bipụtara na Russian na German, a sụgharịrị French, na mgbe e mesịrị ka ihe niile na-enweghị isịneke European asụsụ. Ọ e ọdịda nke Demidov Nrite.

Manual Marine Corps

Na 1827 Kruzenshtern ghọrọ director nke Marine Corps. Fọrọ nke nta n'otu oge ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù nke Admiralty Board. Afọ iri na isii na n'isi akara isi mgbanwe ndị agha alụmdi: Ivan ẹkenam ọhụrụ na-achị maka ezi ihe ma na-atọkwu Ọbá akwụkwọ na ngosi nka ọtụtụ uru. Oké mgbanwe emetụta ọ bụghị nanị na nke omume na agụmakwụkwọ. Admiral guzobere ojii klas, anụ ahụ ụlọ ọrụ na ihe Observatory.

Site pụrụ iche arịrịọ nke Ivan ahụ na 1827 ọ ghọrọ Naval Academy.

Scientific na nzukọ-eme

Ná mmalite nke Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1812, Kruzenshtern, ịbụ a bara ọgaranya, àjà ndị mmadụ militia -third nke ya uba. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ a otutu ego - a puku rubles. N'otu afọ, o bipụtara atọ ya olu "njem gburugburu ụwa ...", na 1813th a họpụtara a so ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọha mmadụ na ọbụna academies na England na Denmark, Germany na France.

Ruo mgbe 1836 Kruzenshtern bipụtara ya "Atlas South Sea", nke nwere ọtụtụ hydrographic ndetu. Site 1827 ruo 1842 mbụ, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebili site n'ohu, ọ bịara na-Admiral. Dị nnọọ ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama njem na nchọpụta chọrọ nkwado ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ Ivan. Ọ bụ ya bụ ndutịm nke njem edu Otto Kotzebue, ọ bụghị nanị, ma Vavileva na Shishmareva, Bellingshausen na Lazarev, Stanyukovicha na Litke.

azụ ahụ

Dị ka dịkọrọ ndụ, Kruzenshtern gbapụrụ ha gburugburu ebe obibi, dị iche iche egwuregwu na ubu-ọkiké na ndị dike ara ọma na njem. -Akpali mmasị, na njem, n'agbanyeghị nke mgbagwoju anya ibe, ọ na-eji ya na kwa ụbọchị igwe na-arụ ọrụ na ha. Ya mmasị mmega bụ a push pịa.

Na ebe nchekwa nke

Na St. Petersburg na 1874 site na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ọkpụ Monighetti Schroeder n'ihu Marine Corps guzosie ike a ncheta Krusenstern. Ọ e wuru na nkeonwe ego, ọ bụ ezie na a obere òkè natara na si kwuo.

The aha nke oké nchoputa aha ya bụ mkpagide, alaiyi na ogbugbo. Na na 1993, na Russian Bank nyere echeta ego "Ihe mbụ Russian gburugburu ụwa njem" usoro.

Lie oké Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern na Tallinn Dome Church.