Khokhloma - ihe ọ bụ? Khokhloma: foto, ihe nakawa etu esi, picture

Khokhloma - ihe ọ bụ? Mbụ niile, ọ bụ oge ochie Russian ndiife nka. Khokhloma sere, Golden Khokhloma, a buru ibu stratum nke Russian omenala. Symbol ese na-ẹbọ nke "Khokhloma" bụ a-acha ọkụ ọkụ Firebird, a fabulous agwa. The isi obodo nke azu - obodo Semenov, emi odude n'ebe ugwu nke Nizhny Novgorod. N'adịghị ka Gzhelian nka, nke na-eweta ọnụ 27 obodo na obodo nta dị na a "ohia" Khokhloma e lekwasị na otu ebe. Ya mere, ya mmepe aka iso ezuwo. Artistic akụrụngwa azu nwekwara uru dị ka nkà nka adịghị nkịtị, na ọzụzụ, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ bụghị.

History nke Golden Khokhloma

Art craft Khokhloma na mgbọrọgwụ ya na ngwụsị narị afọ nke 17, n'oge ngwa ngwa okooko nke icon sere. mmezi oge nke Novgorod ala Old kwere ekwe, bụ ndị na-anabata ndị chọọchị mgbanwe nke Onyeisi Nikon, coincided na ntoputa nke ọhụrụ ụzọ nke gilding oyiyi. Ọ bụ na Nizhny Novgorod region, obodo nta ndị mụtara agba akara ngosi dị na gold, ma na-enweghị ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa metal. Osisi ụgwọ ọnwa oyiyi fesa silver gwere n'ájá, na mgbe ahụ na ntekwasa na linseed mmanụ na enịm ke ihe oven. Silver mkpuchi n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube ghọọ maramara gold. n'oge ahụ technology emeghị-enye onye ọzọ na-esi ikwado usoro, e mere ihe aka. Ụfọdụ nka n'ụzọ ụfọdụ imeghari, dịrị mfe ngwaọrụ-enyere, ma n'ozuzu, Khokhloma sere n'ụzọ zuru ezu mbo ihu na site na ntuziaka oru. The isi ihe aga-eme nke mmepụta ndị mbịne, nke na-achọ kpọmkwem ruru eru. The blanks na-machined otu ukwu, primed ma kpọọ ha ndị ọzọ, na ndị ọzọ na-ese. Ma ọ bụla ikpe, a collaborative mgbalị n'etiti ya pụta ọma, na mmepụta mụbara.

Ntoputa nke elu art

Ya mere na Volga enwere a gold-ese Khokhloma. Si oyiyi ngwa ngwa Switched mmepụta nke tableware mere nke osisi kpuchie gold ụkpụrụ. Silver bụ ezughị, na ya dochie tin. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-adịghị njọ, na Kama nke ahụ, na-egosipụta enwetara magburu Mat na mgbe polishing nke agba malitere na-enwu dị ka anyanwụ. Semenov nka gbakọtara na a ekwenye, egosipụta "Khokhloma" Aghọwo ọma mara anya karịrị ala nke Nizhny Novgorod n'ógbè. Otu mgbe ọzọ bịara ndị ahịa, nyere iwu nke nna na-ese osisi arịa nnukwu ọzọ, na azu wee malite ịkpa ngwa ngwa.

Na mbụ pịrị si a Linden na agba Khokhloma nakawa etu esi spoons na ladles. Ekele ụmụ ọbụna wuru a ncheta Semyon-Lozhkarev dị ka a ụtụ ndị nna ukwu na nka nke oge. Craftsmen rụsiri ọrụ ike, Nizhny Novgorod efere e me na ihe ịga nke ọma na-ere ke akwa ahịa ebe Macarius, ndị kasị ama Russian ngosi. Income efere na Moscow. Na Russian isi obodo, mgbe mgbe niile gara mba ọzọ na-anọchite anya nke onye ahịa na klas, ndị Germany, franzuzy Bekee. Ha chọpụtara ozugbo na ihe ọhụrụ Khokhloma ngwaahịa.

Khokhloma - ihe bụ ya si ele ihe anya nke mba uwa?

Ke ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 19 Khokhloma sere na efere, ngwá ụlọ na uwe bịara mara ná mba ọzọ. World ngosi na Paris, nke weere ọnọdụ na 1889, meghere ụzọ maka Golden Khokhloma n'ụwa nile. Khokhloma sere wee na mbupụ nke a obosara iyi. Ahịa na Western Europe, Southeast Asia, India, China, na mgbe e mesịrị North America Afrika ahịa ibu Russian ndiife crafts.

Elu ina maka ngwaahịa n'ofè Volga nwe ghọrọ a mkpali maka n'ihu mmepe nke Golden Khokhloma. mmepụta nso nke bilie ọtụtụ ugboro, na mgbakwunye na spoons mere efere na efere, orù, Krynki maka ngwa nri, nnu shakers, iche iche postavtsa, iko na Foto Ụlọ Nga. Karịsịa ekele na West, a na-akpọ Bratina - nnukwu crockery n'ụdị ụgbọ mmiri na a iri na abuo na bọket. The aha na-ekwu maka onwe ya, nke a na arịa zubere maka fraternal oriri. Festive isiokwu esokarị Khokhloma ngwaahịa. Na ihe-adịghị agwụ agwụ isi iyi nke na-achị na themes ha - ọ bụ dum Russia. Khokhloma na-inseparably jikọtara nnọọ isi, na akụkọ banyere ya.

Efere ma ọ bụghị naanị

Ke adianade cookware, nnukwu batches emepụta ihe n'ụlọ: igbe, anwụrụ igbe, obere ngwá ụlọ ihe, attics, cupboards, tebụl na oche. Golden Khokhloma ike-iwu, ọ bụ uru ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị oké ọnụ, ma price adịghị ewute onye ọ bụla. Erule ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke 19 Khokhloma ghọọ ndị ọzọ dị oké ọnụ, n'ihi na ha mmepụta ukwu ọzọ mgbagwoju anya. E Nwere Ifuru aghụghọ, nke a nọgidere na nna nna na omenala, ma n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-ebu a pụrụ iche eke nkà style of ide, nke dị iche Khokhloma. Foto na ụbọchị ndị ahụ na-ese ihe, enthusiasts, Eserese na osise akwado mmepe nke ọhụrụ na ọnọdụ na-art Khokhloma sere.

Khokhloma ngwaahịa budata gbasawanye ha na-ama na-ese ke ido "Kudrin", na gold epupụta na okooko osisi ke ẹbọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nwanyi headscarf, mgbe ịchọ mma a na-ekewet nke ọtụtụ iberibe na jikọrọ ọnụ n'otu n'ime image. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị asọpụrụ ọgụgụ Kokhloma ya bụ "onye ogwu," na mbụ ọkara nke narị afọ nke 20, nka kere a "Hohloma ịchọ mma". Ya mere a classic style. The agba? Ụkpụrụ otú n'ihu siere, apịpịa ibu thinner, na ibé enwetara ihe ịrịba ama n'aka. Art style na-akpọ "Khokhloma", foto na osise nke ọ na-akwado ya nọgide na mmepe. N'otu oge ahụ na Central Russia malitere ịpụta forms of art, dị ka Khokhloma sere, Fedoskino miniatures na Zhostov trays. A obere ka e mesịrị akwụ Gzhel ụlọ mmepụta ihe maka mmepụta nke seramiiki tableware, nke-adịghị anya wee dị ka ewu ewu dị ka Khokhloma osisi. Russian nka crafts mepụtara ọma, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - nke a abụghị a zuru ndepụta nke crafts na nwere ike iji tụnyere a elu art.

akụrụngwa

Khokhloma art - ọ bụ nnọọ ihe a mgbagwoju usoro na-agụnye ọtụtụ technical ụzọ aghụghọ. Ọ bụghị iji na agba na ezi ngwaahịa - ya udi na parameters nwekwara na-zuru okè. Ọ bụrụ na nna ya ukwu kpebiri bee osisi n'ụdị a ọbọgwụ mmiri Bratina na agba ya na style of ọlaedo Khokhloma, ọ na-isi natara ụdị ga-ekpeghachi niile nghọta nke a magburu onwe ya na nnunu, na ya n'olu ga-n'ezie na "ọbọgwụ mmiri" gbagọrọ agbagọ, nke anyị na-edebe ke uwa.

Khokhloma - gịnị ka ọ bụ site na a oru ele ihe anya? Dị na-achị izi ezi nke ngwaahịa, ya nnabata na ụfọdụ n'ụkpụrụ iwu nke ukwuu larịị, ọkachamara nke JSC "Khokhloma sere" ada àgwà nke ya mmepụta usoro, nke kpụrụ ihe ndabere maka mmepụta nke Kokhloma ngwaahịa. N'ihi ya, ihe niile na Filiks na ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị isiokwu na-chọrọ nke ahịa, na-akpali akpali uka mmepụta, na iwu nke nkà na gburugburu ebe obibi, ahịa na-agba mbọ, na-enwe a uto. A iwu nduzi esesịn agbawo mkpụrụ, iwu wee malite ịbịa bụghị si ncheta ụlọ ahịa na ama art veranda na salons.

The usoro nke na-eme ka nkà ihe na Khokhloma style - bụ a mgbagwoju usoro yinye. Wood a na-eji naanị sawmills, na mmasị nyere Linden, ma ọmịiko na ọtụtụ ductile ihe onwunwe. Ihe na-aga eke ihicha nzọụkwụ n'èzí ruo otu afọ, na mgbe ahụ na dekọọ na Comley oge ntoju blanks, nke mgbe-draya maka a n'ihu ọnwa atọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, osisi na-ama adabara machining on lathes. Họrọ iberibe bụ maka imewe nke nwa bebi, nnukwu ite ndị machined site siri ike ridges. N'ihi spoons na ladles adabara osisi sapwood akụkụ, ọ bụ pụtara mfe ebipụ na anaghị ịgbawa.

Wapụtara na bee blanks na-akpọ "linen" tupu sere bụ "uwe ime" na-mịrị amị ọzọ na okpomọkụ nke banyere 100 degrees. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-primed na kwajuru ọzọ na oven na 120 degrees. Mgbe ahụ workpiece na-n'ala, chipped na potholes n'elu shpaklyuyut na ntekwasa na a mkpa oyi akwa nke ghọọ. Obere oge tupu zuru ezu ihicha preform ntekwasa aluminum ntụ ntụ na triturated ya ka ofụri elu e uniformly ntekwasa. Ọzọkwa, silver-frosted iko, spoons, saucers, ite na ọkwá abịa nka maka gụchara - Khokhloma art sere.

Mgbe egosipụta ngwaahịa ugboro atọ lacquered na onye n'etiti kpo oku ka 130 degrees. Na nke a, na aluminum mkpuchi enweta a ọlaedo hue, ngwaahịa dị njikere maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa na Mbupu.

ụdị sere

Na narị afọ nke 18 Khokhloma sere ruru n'ọtụtụ ya kasị, ina art ngwaahịa niile mụbara, Nizhny Novgorod nwe mgbe ugbua na n'elu ya creativity. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ, na mepụtara isi ihe abụọ na ụdị ágbá Golden Khokhloma - "ịnyịnya" na "ndabere".

Khokhloma, ihe nakawa etu esi nke e na-ese ke ido "Horse" sere, ọ bụ a osise nke a ọlaedo ubi, gburu na nwa na-acha uhie uhie na agba. The artist adọta a mma ntupu ụkpụrụ nke ọrịa strok, na-agbaso onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-esonụ ekwekọghị:

• "Gingerbread" - a stylized image anyanwụ, nchọ na a geometric udi, square, diamond ma ọ bụ a ịkpụ gburugburu. The usoro na mbụ n'anya mfe, ma si anyanwụ gburugburu, gosikwa site curls-ụzarị anya e akwa, otú organically jikọtara na oké-enye ìhè gburugburu etiti.
• "Travnik" - herbal ịchọ mma, ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ala gbara osimiri okirikiri sedge ahịhịa ahịhịa.
• "Leaf, a beri" - na-ese na a ọtụtụ nke epupụta na tomato, okooko osisi na ị ga, a chọrọ nnọọ ji ekpuchi ọ bụla ọzọ.

N'ụzọ dị iche na "ịnyịnya", Khokhloma, nke ihe nakawa etu esi edebe gold na ndabere nke red ma ọ bụ nwa, e weere "ndabere." The kasị akpali iche iche nke ihe osise na ndabere bụ "Kudrin", nke a stylized image nke epupụta na okooko osisi. Ugboro ugboro Kudrevatov curls, mbịne n'ime mgbagwoju anya ihe nakawa etu esi, okooko osisi, nwa ehi, na ụdị nile nke tomato, n'ogige na ọhịa. Nke a style nke sere bụ ọwọrọiso maka obosara eji na-eru ndị ngwe edoghi, uru ka kwụsịrị onye akụkụ.

catalogs

Ebe ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 20 malitere systematize Khokhloma sere, e biri ebi directories na ihe ndị kasị akpali ụdị, na nke kacha mma e ọdịda akwụkwọ. The ọrụ nke ukwu nka ke ẹbọ nke "Khokhloma", photos na ihe osise nke e bipụtara na pịa, ghọrọ ndị sonyere nke dị iche iche asọmpi na ngosi. Ihe ndị bu ngwaahịa natara nwa anụmanụ na enọ n'ihi na ha creativity. On dị otú ahụ na-egosi na onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịzụta ngwaahịa mere na nkà style na-akpọ "Khokhloma". Photo maka nchekwa na emeputa wizard na-eme ka ozugbo. N'ihi na a ogologo oge e mesịa a mara mma lacquered ihe na-amasị nna ya ukwu.

Khokhloma n'anya a nwa

Kindergartens, ọta akara gardens na ọbụna Soviet ugboro, natara ngwá ụlọ, mere ke ẹbọ nke Khokhloma sere. Ma ọ bụ ezie na nke a nkà style ka mgbe e weere na "okenye" ụmụ n'ezie na-enwe kwa table, na-ese na-ese. N'ezie, ọ bụ na a aka-mere, ngwaahịa na-ese ngwá ụlọ mmepụta ihe, site na ihuenyo obibi akwụkwọ. Ma echiche nke elu art Khokhloma sere nọ ya, ya ụtọ ụmụ. Ọnụ na ụmụaka obi ụtọ nne na nna. N'ihi ya, ụmụ Khokhloma nweghị njọ karịa "okenye".

Isiokwu maka akwụkwọ edemede

The ọzụzụ omume dịgasị iche iche. Khokhloma - gịnị ka ọ bụ na onye nkụzi ahụ si ele ihe anya? Na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Moscow na Moscow na mpaghara, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ na Russian obodo na usoro ọzụzụ bụ na isiokwu nke Russian ndiife nkà na crafts, bụ ebe ndị mbụ bụ ebe art of Khokhloma sere. Ya ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụwa ma ama na-eme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ gwa ha na ha echiche onwe onye, na-egosipụta ya na akwụkwọ na-esi na-atụzi. O nwere ike ịbụ a dum edemede na a isiokwu ma ọ bụ a obere akụkọ. Khokhloma ka art aga n'ihu na-eto nke ọma, ọ bụ kwesịrị anya-akwụkwọ ndị agadi. Otú ọ dị, na ala ọmụmụ, kwa, nwere ike isonye na arụmụka.

Khokhloma na song genre

Fine art na-jikọtara ndị ọzọ edemede nke creativity. Art Khokhloma sere sokwa. The song "Khokhloma" ogologo ndibọhọ ewu ewu. Ya na-eme na-agụ egwú-abụ abụ, na-ekwe ukwe ma na onye-abụ abụ. Mara mma abụ olu ụtọ, soulful uri, kwa, e dere site n'obi. Mgbe Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" bụghị naanị a ebe nke nsọpụrụ.