Kpebisiri ike site valence nke chemical ọcha

Ihe Ọmụma nke ihe owuwu nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri na XIX narị afọ apụghị ịkọwa ihe mere nke a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm etolite nkekọ na ndị ọzọ ahụ. Ma echiche nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ihu ha oge, na valence nke ka na-amụ dị ka otu n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke onwu.

Site n'akụkọ banyere echiche nke "valence nke chemical ọcha"

Pụtara ìhè British mmiri ọgwụ XIX narị afọ Edvard Franklend chepụtara okwu "nkwurịta okwu" ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị-eji na-akọwa mmekọrịta nke atọm na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Scientific chọpụtara na ụfọdụ chemical ọcha etolite ogige na otu ego nke ndị ọzọ atọm. Ka ihe atụ, nitrogen attaches atọ hydrogen atọm na a molekul nke amonia.

Na May 1852 Frankland tinye n'ihu nchepụta na e nwere a kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chemical nkekọ na atọm nwere ike na-etolite na ndị ọzọ obere ahụ nke okwu. Frankland eji okwu ahụ bụ "ejikọta ike" na-akọwa ihe ga-emesịa na-akpọ valence. British mmiri ọgwụ ike dị ka chemical agbụ etolite atọm nke onye ọcha mara n'etiti XIX narị afọ. Ọrụ Frankland bụ ihe dị mkpa onyinye oge a bughi onwu.

mmepe nke echiche

German mmiri ọgwụ FA Kekule gosipụtara na 1857 na carbon bụ chetyrehosnovnym. Ya mfe compound - methane - ibili ruru 4 hydrogen atọm. Okwu ahụ bụ "basicity" ọkà mmụta sayensị-eji eme ihe ọcha Njirimara jikọọ a ofu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ ahụ. Na Russia, data on Ọdịdị nke okwu systematized A. M. Butlerov (1861). N'ihu mmepe nke ozizi chemical nkekọ nwetara site na nkuzi nke oge mgbanwe ke Njirimara nke ọcha. Ya na-ede akwụkwọ - ọzọ pụrụ iche Russian mmiri ọgwụ D. I. Mendeleev. Ọ bụ na valence nke chemical ọcha na ogige, na ndị ọzọ na Njirimara na-ekpebisi ike site na ọnọdụ nke ha ogide na oge usoro.

Onyeōzi nnọchiteanya nke valence na chemical bonding

Ekwe omume nke visualizing ụmụ irighiri - onye nke undoubted kpọkwara valence Ozizi. The mbụ nlereanya pụtara na 1860, na ebe ọ bụ na 1864 ka a na-eji bughi formulas anọchite anya chemical circumferential akara n'ime. N'etiti akara gbaara atọm denoted chemical nkekọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị e bụ hà valence. Na otu ndị ahụ na afọ, e mere ndị mbụ sharosterzhnevye nlereanya (lee. Photo n'aka ekpe). Na 1866 Kekule chọrọ stereochemical ụkpụrụ nke carbon atọm n'ụdị a tetrahedron, nke o na-enye akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Organic Chemistry".

Valence nke chemical ọcha, na ntoputa nke mmekọrịta mụọ site G. Lewis, onye bipụtara ọrụ ya na 1923 mgbe ọ chọpụtara nke elektrọn. Ya mere a na-akpọ na-ezighị ezi na ebubo irighiri, nke bụ akụkụ nke atọm shells. N'akwụkwọ ya, Lewis eji a mgbe gburugburu n'akụkụ anọ nke chemical akara maka ngosipụta nke valence electrons.

Valency nke hydrogen na oxygen

Tupu e kere eke nke na oge usoro valence nke chemical ọcha na ogige e mere tụnyere ihe atọm ka nke ọ na-amaghị. Hydrogen na oxygen na-ahọrọ dị ka akwụkwọ. Ọzọ chemical mmewere na dọtara ma arụchiteere a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke H atọm, na O.

A n'ụzọ a, Njirimara kpebisiri ike na a monovalent ogige na hydrogen (na valency nke abụọ mmewere na kpọrọ ndị Roman onuogugu):

• HCl - chloro (m):
• H ₂ O - oxygen (II);
• NH ₃ - nitrogen (III);
• Kra ₄ - carbon (IV).

The oxides nke K ₂ O, CO, N ₂ O _3, SiO _2, NTRE ₃ e kpebisiri ike site valence nke ọla na nonmetals oxygen, ibawanye nọmba nke atọm attachable O. nwetara-esonụ ụkpụrụ: K (m), C ( II), N (III) , Si (IV), S (VI).

Olee otú iji chọpụta ndị valence nke chemical ọcha

E nwere iwu nke guzobere chemical nkekọ na nkịtị elektrọn ụzọ abụọ:

• Ahụkarị hydrogen valence - I.
• Nkịtị oxygen valence of - II.
• N'ihi ọcha nonmetals-ala valence nwere ike kpebisiri ike site usoro 8 - № otu nke ha na na-na oge usoro. Higher, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekpebisi ike site na otu nọmba.
• N'ihi na akuku ihe nke subgroups kacha ekwe omume valency bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị dị iche iche nke oge table.

Mkpebi siri ike nke valence nke chemical ọcha nke onyinye nke usoro a rụrụ iji na-esonụ algọridim:

1. Record n'elu nke na ya maara mara uru maka otu n'ime ọcha. Ihe atụ, na igwe ₂ O ₇ oxygen valency bụ II.
2. Gbakọọ mkpokọta uru, nke a ga-uba site valence nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị atọm nke otu chemical mmewere na molekul, 2 7 = 14.
3. Kpebisie ike na valency nke abụọ mmewere, nke na ọ bụ amaghị ama. Kewaa nwetara Sec. 2 uru site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igwe atọm na molekul.
4. 14: 2 = 7. The valence nke manganese oxide ya kasị elu - VII.

Na-adịgide adịgide na agbanwe valency

Valence ụkpụrụ nke hydrogen na oxygen dị iche iche. Ka ihe atụ, sọlfọ na compound nke H ₂ S bụ divalent, dị ka usoro NKE ₃ - hexavalent. The carbon monoxide mkpatụ na oxygen, CO na ịzụ ₂ dioxide. The mbụ compound bụ valence of C II, na nke abụọ - IV. Otu uru na methane Kra _4.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọcha adịghị igosipụta mgbe nile na agbanwe valence, e.g., site, nitrogen, sọlfọ ahụ. The search maka isi na-akpata nke a mere ka a ozizi chemical bonding, echiche nke valence shei electrons, molekụla orbitals. Ịdị adị nke dị iche iche ụkpụrụ nke otu Njirimara nwetara na nkowa nke ihe owuwu nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri ọnọdụ.

Modern echiche nke valence

All atọm na-ekewet nke oma ntọala gbara ya gburugburu na-ezighị ezi na ebubo electrons. The elu shei, nke ha na-etolite, bụ emechaghi. The dechara Ọdịdị bụ ihe kasị ufọk ufene, ọ na e dere 8 electrons (octet). Chemical bonding na nkịtị elektrọn ụzọ abụọ pụta na energetically mma ọnọdụ atọm.

Iwu nke e guzobere ogige bụ ẹkụre a shei ma ọ bụ site na ịnweta electrons anaghị achọ unpaired - dabere ma usoro bụ mfe agafe. Ọ bụrụ na atọm enye maka guzobere a chemical nkekọ na-ezighị ezi ahụ enweghị ụzọ, nkekọ ọ Nleta dị ka ogologo dị ka ọ na unpaired electrons. Dị ka oge a echiche, na-valence nke atọm nke chemical ọcha - bụ ikike na-emepụta a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke covalent agbụ. Ihe atụ, na molekul, H ₂ S sọlfọ, hydrogen sulfide enweta valence II (-), n'ihi na onye ọ bụla atọm atụ ke guzobere abụọ elektrọn ụzọ abụọ. The ịrịba ama "-" na-egosi mma nke elektrọn ụzọ na ihe electronegative mmewere. Dịkarịa ala electronegative uru nke valence appends "+".

Mgbe onyinye-acceptor usoro na-aka na usoro nke na elektrọn ụzọ abụọ nke otu mmewere na ndị ọzọ na free valence orbitals.

The ndabere nke valence nke ihe owuwu nke atọm

Tụlee ihe atụ carbon na oxygen, dị ka ọ na-adabere na Ọdịdị nke bekee valence nke chemical ọcha. Oge Isiokwu enye otu nnyocha nke ndị bụ isi e ji mara nke carbon atọm:

• chemical akara - C;
• item nọmba - 6;
• nuclear ụgwọ - 6;
• protons na ntọala - 6;
• elektrọn - 6, gụnyere 4 mpụga, 2 nke nke na-etolite a ụzọ, 2 - unpaired.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị carbon atọm Nleta abụọ nkekọ na monoookside CO, mgbe ahụ, na ya iji na-ọnọ naanị 6 ọjọọ ahụ. Iji nweta octets mkpa ejikọ 4 kpụrụ mpụga ọjọọ ahụ. Carbon nwere a valence nke IV (+) na dioxide na IV (-) na methane.

Ordinal nọmba nke oxygen - 8, valence shei mejupụtara isii electrons, ha abụọ na-etolite a ụzọ na-etinye aka ná chemical nkekọ na na mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ atọm. Ahụkarị oxygen valence - II (-).

The valency na ọxịdashọn ala

Ọtụtụ oge, ọ bụ ihe adaba iji okwu bụ "ruo n'ókè nke ọxịdashọn". Ya mere na-akpọ ụgwọ atọm nke ọ ga-enweta ma ọ bụrụ na niile electrons kwaga ndị nkịtị mmewere, nke nwere elu uru elektroootritsatelnosti (eo). The ọxịdashọn ọgụgụ nke ndị dị mfe umi bụ efu. Site ọxịdashọn ọzọ eo kwukwara mmewere "-" ihe ịrịba ama, na-erughị electronegative - "+". Dị ka ihe atụ, isi otu ọla maka ahụkarị ọxịdashọn na ion ebubo hà ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe ịrịba ama nke "+". Ọtụtụ mgbe na valency na ọxịdashọn steeti atọm ke otu compound numerically idako. Naanị mgbe mmekọrịta ọzọ electronegative atọm mma ọxịdashọn ala, na ọcha onye eo n'okpuru - adịghị mma. Echiche nke "valence nke" mgbe mgbe na-emetụta nanị umi nke molekụla Ọdịdị.