... mbenata Njirimara nwere redox Njirimara

Redox Njirimara nke onye-edebe ion bụ ihe dị mkpa nke na oge a na onwu. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-enyere aka kọwaa ọrụ nke ọcha na bekee na-eduzi a zuru ezu tụnyere nke chemical Njirimara nke dị iche iche atọm.

Gịnị bụ oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga

Ọtụtụ nsogbu na onwu, gụnyere ule ajụjụ nke n'otu obodo udomo oro na ọkwa 11, na Jeg na usen 9 ọkwa, metụtara nke a echiche. The oxidant a na-ewere atọm ma ọ bụ ion, nke na N'ezie nke chemical mmekọrịta anabata electrons si ọzọ ion ma ọ bụ atọm. Ọ bụrụ na anyị nyochaa oxidizing Njirimara nke atọm mkpa oge usoro Mendeleev. Na oge, nke na-emi odude ke table site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri, na oxidizing ike nke atọm na-abawanye, ie, nwere a yiri na-abụghị dara Njirimara. The isi subgroups yiri oke mbelata ala. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ike ndị dị mfe bekee nwere oxidizing ike, na-edu Fluoride. A okwu ndị dị ka "electronegativity", o kwere omume na-atọm na ikpe nke chemical mmekọrịta nke electrons ike-atụle otu oxidative Njirimara. N'etiti mgbagwoju bekee iso nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa chemical ọcha nwere ike na-atụle na-egbuke egbuke oxidants: potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, ozone.

Gịnị bụ reductant

Mbenata Njirimara ahụkarị atọm nke mfe bekee egosi dara Njirimara. Na oge nke oge table na dara Njirimara, hapụrụ ebelatawo, na na isi subgroups (vetikal), ha na-adịkwu. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime mgbake na mmetụta nke electrons, nke na-emi odude na elu ume larịị. The ukwuu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elektrọn shells (etoju), na-adị mfe iji zipu n'oge chemical mmekọrịta nke "extra" electrons.

Magburu onwe mbenata Njirimara nwere ifịk (alkali, alkaline ụwa) ọla. Ke adianade do, bekee na-egosi yiri kwa na ịmata ihe dị iche sọlfọ oxide (6), carbon monoxide. Iji nweta kacha ogo ọxịdashọn, na ogige na-egosi na mbenata Njirimara.

The ọxịdashọn usoro

Ọ bụrụ na, n'oge chemical mmekọrịta nke atọm ma ọ bụ ion tụfuru electrons ọzọ atọm (ion), na-ezo aka na usoro nke na ọxịdashọn. N'ihi na ihe analysis nke otú mgbanwe mbenata Njirimara na oxidative ike, chọrọ ọcha nke oge table, nakwa dị ka ihe ọmụma nke ugbu a iwu nke Fiziks.

mgbake usoro

Mbelata Filiks na-agụnye doo nke ion ma ọ bụ electrons site atọm ọzọ atọm (ion) n'oge kpọmkwem chemical mmekọrịta. Magburu onwe mbenata mmadụ bụ nitrites, sulfites nke alkali ọla. Mbenata Njirimara nke ọcha na usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe metal Njirimara yiri mfe bekee.

Algọridim analysis OVR

Iji njikere chemical mmeghachi omume nke na-amụrụ ndokwa ọnụọgụ, ị ga-eji a pụrụ iche algọridim. Redox Njirimara aka dozie a dịgasị iche iche nke imewe aga-eme na gbasara nyocha, organic, n'ozuzu onwu. Order na-enye ọ bụla analysis nke mmeghachi omume:

1. Nke mbụ, ọ dị mkpa na-akọwa onye ọ bụla mmewere dị ọxịdashọn ala, na-eji iwu.
2. Next kọwaa ndị atọm ma ọ bụ ion, nke gbanwere ha ọxịdashọn ala na ha tinyere aka na mmeghachi omume.
3. Marks "mwepu" na "plus" na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkedo nakweere n'oge chemical mmeghachi omume nke free electrons.
4. Ọzọkwa, n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons kpebisiri ike site kacha nta nkịtị multiple, i.e. ihe integer na bụ evenly divisible site nabatara na nyefere electrons.
5. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ekewa electrons-ekere òkè na chemical Jeremaya mere.
6. Ọzọ, anyị na-ekpebi kpọmkwem nke ion ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri akụkụ nwere mbenata Njirimara, nakwa dị ka chọpụta oxidants.
7. Na ikpeazụ ogbo nke inwe ọnụọgụ na Eq.

Ime usoro nke electronic itule, ebe ọnụọgụ na a nyere mmeghachi omume atụmatụ:

NaMnO ₄ + na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid + hydrogen sulfide = S + igwe NKE ₄ + ... + ...

Algọridim iji dozie nsogbu a

Anyị chọpụta kpọmkwem ihe a ga-guzobere mgbe mmekọrịta nke okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume a na-ama oxidant (ha ga manganese) na kọwaa mbenata gị n'ụlọnga (ọ ga-abụ na sọlfọ) kpụrụ àkù nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-ogo ọxịdashọn. Ebe ọ bụ na isi mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe n'etiti nnu na ike oxygen-nwere acid, mgbe ahụ onye nke ọgwụgwụ umi ga-mmiri, na nke abụọ - sodium nnu, ihe kpomkwem, sodium sulfate.

Ka anyị laghachi atụmatụ na doo nke elektrọn:

- igwe ⁺⁷ ewe 5 e = igwe ^+2.

The akụkụ nke abụọ nke atụmatụ:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Anyị na-etinye n'ime mmeghachi omume mbụ udu, adịghị echefu ichikota niile sọlfọ atọm na n'akụkụ nke akụkụ.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ NKE ₄ = 5S + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + Na ₂ NKE _4.

Parsing OVR metụtara hydrogen peroxide

Ime algọridim analysis OVR ike-ele ndị chemical mmeghachi omume:

hydrogen peroxide + na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid + potassium permagnanat = igwe NKE ₄ + oxygen + ... + ...

Ọxịdashọn gbanwere oxygen ion (hydrogen peroxide) na manganese cation na potassium permanganate. Nke ahụ bụ, a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga, anyị bụ ugbu a.

Kọwaa ihe a ihe onwunwe pụrụ ka eme mgbe mmekọrịta. Otu n'ime ha bụ mmiri, nke na-doro anya na-anọchite anya mmeghachi omume n'etiti acid na nnu. Potassium na-etolite na a ọhụrụ umi, nke abụọ ngwaahịa ga potassium nnu, ya bụ sulfate, dị ka mmeghachi omume wee na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Driving:

2O ^- 2 ^enye elektrọn na ghọọ O ₂ ⁰ 5

Igwe ⁺⁷ 5 enweta electrons na-aghọ onye na ion 2 igwe ⁺²

Anyị na-etinye udu.

5H ₂ O ₂ + 3H ₂ NKE ₄ + 2KMnO = 5O _{2 4} + 2Mn NKE ₄ + 8H ₂ O + K ₂ NKE ₄

GOSIRI parsing OVR na potassium chromate

Iji usoro nke electronic itule, guzosie ike akụkụ na ọnụọgụ:

FeCl ₂ + hydrochloric acid + potassium chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

GBANWEE ọxịdashọn ala ígwè (ígwè chloride na II) na chromium ion na potassium bichromate.

Ugbu a anyị na-agbalị chepụta ihe ndị ọzọ bekee na-guzobere. Otu nwere ike ịbụ a nnu. Dị ka potassium na-adịghị kpụrụ bụla compound otú nke abụọ ngwaahịa bụ a potassium nnu, ihe kpomkwem, chloride, n'ihi mmeghachi omume wee ebe na hydrochloric acid.

Iduzi:

Fe ⁺² eziga e = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 enweta e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Anyị inwe ndị ọnụọgụ na mmeghachi omume mbụ:

6K ₂ ČR ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H O + 6FeCl _{2 3 3} + 2CrCl + 2KCl

GOSIRI parsing OVR na potassium iodide

Burugodị na iwu, guzosie ike akụkụ:

potassium permanganate + na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid + potassium iodide, manganese sulfate + ... iodo + ... + ...

Ọxịdashọn ala gbanwere manganese na ayodiin. Nke ahụ bụ reductant na oxidant bụ ugbu a.

Ugbu a, anyị chọpụta na n'ihi na anyị na-emepụta. The compound ga-potassium, i.e. enweta potassium sulfate.

Mbelata Filiks-eme na ayodiin ion.

Etolite elektrọn nyefe atụmatụ:

- igwe ⁺⁷ 5 enweta e = igwe ⁺² 2 bụ ihe oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga,

^- 2I - enye E = m 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 bụ a mbenata n'ụlọnga.

Anyị ndokwa ọnụọgụ na mmeghachi omume mbụ, mgbe echefu ichikota niile sọlfọ atọm na akụkụ.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ NKE ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ NKE ₄ + 8H ₂ O

GOSIRI parsing OVR na sodium sulfite

Iji gboo usoro, anyị na-enweta elu atụmatụ maka akụkụ:

- na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid + KMnO ₄ + ... sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, manganese sulfate + ... + ... +

Mgbe imeghachi omume nweta sodium mmiri nnu.

Iduzi:

- igwe ⁺⁷ 5 enweta e = igwe ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 eziga e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Anyị ndokwa ọnụọgụ a mmeghachi omume na-adịghị na-echefu na-etinye sọlfọ atọm n'isetịpụ ọnụọgụ.

3H ₂ NKE ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na _{2 3} = K ₂ NKE ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ NKE ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

GOSIRI parsing OVR na nitrogen

Dezuo aga-eme. Iji algọridim, anyị na-etolite a zuru ezu mmeghachi omume akụkụ:

- manganese nitrate + nitric acid + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + Pb (NO _{3) 2} +

Ka anyị nyochaa ihe umi ọbụna iche-iche. Ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume ẹkenịmde n'etiti a ike oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga na nnu, mgbe ahụ, umi bụ mmiri.

Anyị ga-egosi na mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons:

- igwe ⁺² 5 eziga e = igwe ⁺⁷ 2 ngosi Njirimara nke a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga,

- Pb ⁺⁴ 2 enweta e = Pb ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. Anyị ndokwa ọnụọgụ na mmeghachi omume mbụ, jiri nlezianya tinye niile nitrogen ugbu a na n'aka ekpe nke mbụ akụkụ:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (NO _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

Na nke a bụ mmeghachi omume, na-ebelata Njirimara na-agaghị na-egosipụta nitrogen.

A abụọ sample nke redox mmeghachi omume na nitrogen:

Zn + na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 eziga e = Zn ⁺² 3 ga-mbenata gị n'ụlọnga,

N ⁺⁵ 3 enweta e = N ⁺² 2 bụ oxidant.

Anyị na-edebe ihe ọnụọgụ na a gaghị agara mmeghachi omume:

3Zn + 3H ₂ NKE ₄ + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

The uru nke redox Jeremaya mere

The kasị mara Mbelata mmeghachi omume - photosynthesis, a typical osisi. Otú ịgbanwe Njirimara nke mgbake? The usoro pụtara na Biosphere, ọ na-eduga nwekwuo ume site mpụga isi iyi. Ọ bụ nke a na ume na-eji ha mkpa ha nke ndi mmadu. Ihe Nlereanya nke oxidizing ma mbenata Jeremaya mere metụtara na chemical ọcha, bụ nke otu dị mkpa n'ịtụgharị ogige nke nitrogen, carbon, oxygen. N'ihi na Ụwa ikuku photosynthesis nwere dị otú ahụ a mejupụtara na a chọrọ maka mmepe nke ntule. Site photosynthesis anaghị dịkwuo carbon dioxide na ikuku casing, elu nke Earth na-adịghị overheated. The osisi amalite bụghị naanị site redox mmeghachi omume, ma chọrọ forms dị bekee ụmụ mmadụ, dị ka oxygen, glucose. Enweghị a chemical mmeghachi omume nwere ike ịbụ a full okirikiri nke okwu na ọdịdị, nakwa dị ka ịdị adị nke organic ndụ.

Uru ngwa OVR

Iji nọgide na-enwe metal elu, ọ dị mkpa iji mara na mbenata Njirimara ifịk ọla, mere elu oyi akwa nwere ike ntekwasa n'elu ifịk mmewere, si otú ibelata usoro nke chemical corrosion. N'ihi na redox Njirimara site ihicha na disinfection nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ma otu nsogbu na-apụghị edozi enweghị ebe enịm n'ụzọ ziri ezi na akụkụ ọnụọgụ. Iji zere njehie, ọ dị mkpa inwe ihe echiche banyere niile redox kwa.

Nchedo chemical corrosion

Esiri ndụ mmadụ na ọrụ bụ corrosion. Dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical akakabarede nke metal ọdịda, adịkwa ha arụmọrụ ala n'akụkụ, igwe ngwaọrụ. Iji dozie nsogbu dị otú ahụ, iji chụọ àjà nchedo, a metal mkpuchi oyi akwa nke ghọọ ma ọ bụ agba n'itinye anticorrosive alloys. Ka ihe atụ, ígwè n'elu kpuchie a oyi akwa nke nọ n'ọrụ metal - aluminum.

ọgwụgwụ

A dịgasị iche iche nke Mbelata Jeremaya mere ime na ahụ, hụ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke digestive usoro. Ndị bụ isi ndụ Filiks dị ka gbaa ụka, putrefaction, respiration, na-ejikọta ya na mbenata Njirimara. Nwere yiri atụmatụ, ihe niile dị ndụ e kere eke na mbara ụwa anyị. Enweghị mmeghachi omume na nraranye na nnabata nke electrons ike-egwupụta, ulo oru na mmepụta nke amonia, alkalis, asịd. Na niile gbasara nyocha onwu usoro volumetric analysis dabeere na redox Filiks. Lụọ na ndị dị otú ahụ wetara onu nke chemical corrosion, ọ na-dabeere na ihe ọmụma nke ndị a Filiks.