Mineral: aha. Iche iche nke minerals (foto)

Nature na-enye mmadụ ohere inweta abamuru mepụtara ya. Ya mere, ndị mmadụ na-ebi nnọọ ala na ihe niile dị gị mkpa. Mgbe niile, mmiri, nnu, ọla, na mmanụ ụgbọala, na ọkụ eletrik na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ - niile kere a eke ụzọ na ekemende ghọrọ n'ime ezi udi ka nwoke.

The otu na-emetụta ọdịdị nke onye ahụ na ngwaahịa dị ka minerals. Ndị a dị iche iche crystal owuwu bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa maka nnukwu ego nke a dịgasị iche iche nke ulo oru Filiks ke aku ọrụ nke ndị mmadụ. Ya mere, anyị na-atụle, ihe bụ di iche iche nke mineral na na n'ozuzu na-anọchi anya ndị a ogige.

Mineral: general e ji mara

Na ot uche na mineralogy, okwu bụ "ịnweta" na-ezo aka a siri ike rọrọ nke chemical ọcha ma na-enwe a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye physico-chemical Njirimara. Ke adianade do, ọ kpụrụ ya kwesịrị ịbụ naanị na a eke ụzọ, n'okpuru nduzi nke dị iche iche sitere n'okike.

Mineral nwere ike kpụrụ dị ka a dị mfe umi (ọkpụrụkpụ) na mgbagwoju. The ụzọ ha guzobere na-dị iche iche. E nwere usoro na-eme ka ha guzobere:

• igneous;
• hydrothermal;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

Large aggregates nke minerals, anakọtara n'ime otu usoro, a na-akpọ nkume. Ya mere, na-emegharị ndị a abụọ echiche ekwesịghị ịbụ. Mining minerals na-amịpụtara site igweri ya na nhazi dum iberibe nke nkume.

The chemical mejupụtara nke ogige ke ajụjụ nwere ike dị iche iche na nkejikotara a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke iche iche contaminating bekee. Otú ọ dị, e nwere mgbe otu ihe na-achịkwa ihe ndị mejupụtara. Ya mere, ọ bụ na ọ bụ bụrụkwa, na adịghị na-adịghị na-ewere.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ minerals

minerals Structure - crystalline. E nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka grids na ọ ga-anọchi anya:

• cubic;
• hexagonal;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

A ogige na-nkewa dị ka chemical mejupụtara nke analyte.

Iche nke minerals

Otu nwere ike nyekwa ndị na-esonụ nhazi ọkwa, nke na-egosipụta ihe owuwu nke ịnweta.

1. Native ma ọ bụ dị mfe bekee. Ọ na-mineral. Ihe Nlereanya agụnye: gold, ígwè, carbon n'ụdị diamond, coal, Anthracite, sọlfọ, silver, selenium, cobalt, ọla kọpa, arsenic, bismuth na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
2. Halides, nke na-agụnye chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Nke a minerals, nke na-mara onye ọ bụla: nkume nnu (sodium chloride) ma ọ bụ halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides na hydroxides. Kpụrụ metal oxides ma na-abụghị ọla, i.e. onyinye ya oxygen. Na otu a na e nwere minerals, ndi aha - chalcedony, corundum (rubi, sapphire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, na ndị ọzọ kassematit.
4. Nitrati. Ihe Nlereanya: The potassium na sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: ngwa anya calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - salts nke carbonic acid. Nke a ịnweta, ndi aha-dị ka ndị a: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, na nkume nzu, nzu, marble na ndị ọzọ.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - niile salts nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ asịd nke na-etolite dị iche iche owuwu mineral. Names - nepheline, apatite na ndị ọzọ.
9. Silicates. The salts nke silicic acid, na-enwe a otu esịnede SiO _4. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ minerals na-: beryl, feldspar, topaz, garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, nkume lapis lazuli, na ndị ọzọ.

Na mgbakwunye na n'elu mata iche iche, na-okosobode organic compound akpụ dum eke ego na ya. Ka ihe atụ, peat, coal, urkit, calcium oxalate, ígwè na ndị ọzọ. Nakwa dị ka a ole na ole carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Native ọcha

Ndị a bụ minerals (photos nwere ike hụrụ n'okpuru), nke na-kpụrụ dị mfe bekee. Dị ka ihe atụ:

• gold na ụdị nke ájá na ọkpụrụkpụ, ingots;
• diamond na graphite - crystalline allotropic mgbanwe nke carbon lattice;
• ọla kọpa;
• silver;
• ígwè;
• sọlfọ;
• platinum otu ọla.

Ọtụtụ mgbe a bekee na-hụrụ na nnukwu aggregations na ndị ọzọ mineral, iberibe nkume na ores. Production na ha were na ndị ụlọ ọrụ dị oké mkpa maka ụmụ mmadụ. Ha - ndabere, ngwaọrụ n'ihi na mmepụta nke ihe, site na nke ekemende emepụta a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe n'ụlọ, imewe, mma, na ngwá na na.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Nke a na-agụnye oké nkume na mineral, nke bụ tumadi exogenous si malite, a na-achọta na elu n'ígwé nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Inside ii naanị phosphates. Salts nke phosphorous, arsenic na vanadium acid bụ n'ezie ezi a otutu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle nnukwu picture, n'ozuzu pasent nke ha na a obere n'ụgbụgbọ ọdịnaya.

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị kasị nkịtị kristal na nke otu a:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Dị ka e kwuworo, a minerals na-etolite nkume nnọọ nnukwu size.

Oxides na hydroxides

Na otu a na-agụnye niile ịnweta oxides, na mfe ma dị mgbagwoju nke na-guzobere nke ọla, na-abụghị ọla, intermetallic ogige, na mgbanwe ọcha. Ngụkọta pasent nke a bekee na jikọrọ ọnụ - 5%. The naanị wezụga akọ silicates, ọ bụghị otu n'okpuru echiche, - a sịlịkọn oxide SiO ₂ na ihe nile nke ya iche.

Otu nwere ike nyekwa ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ minerals, ma ịpụta ihe kasị nkịtị:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Wayo.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (rubi, sapphire).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

Nke a na klas nke minerals na-agụnye ya otu a nnukwu ezuru dịgasị iche iche nke na-anọchite anya, nke nwekwara mkpa bara uru maka ụmụ mmadụ. Ya mere, e nwere ndị na-esonụ sub-klas ma ọ bụ iche iche:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• soda minerals;
• bastnesite.

Onye ọ bụla na klas na-agụnye ya otu si a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri Representatives. E nwere ihe a na narị dị iche iche ịnweta carbonates. Kacha nkịtị nke ha:

• marble;
• na nkume nzu;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• magnesite;
• carbonate na ndị ọzọ.

Ụfọdụ na-kpọrọ dị ka a nnọọ nkịtị na mkpa ewu ihe owuwu, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji na-eme ka ọla, na ndị ọzọ na-eji nkà. Otú ọ dị, ha niile dị mkpa, na ha mmepụta a na ịbụ nnọọ n'ọrụ.

silicates

The kasị iche iche na mpụga forms na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-anọchite anya nke otu ìgwè ndị mineral. Dị otú ahụ mgbanwe bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na sịlịkọn atọm akpata ha chemical Ọdịdị, bụ ike nke na-ejikọta ụdị dị iche iche nke akụkụ, ịhazi gburugburu onwe ya ọtụtụ oxygen atọm. Ya mere, nwere ike na-etolite na-esonụ ụdị nke owuwu:

• agwaetiti ahụ;
• yinye;
• teepu;
• mpempe akwụkwọ.

Ndị a minerals, a foto nke nwere ike hụrụ na isiokwu, na-mara onye ọ bụla. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ụfọdụ n'ime ha. Mgbe niile, dị ka ndị a na-agụnye:

• topaz;
• grenade;
• chrysoprase;
• mkpatụ crystal;
• opal;
• chalcedony na ndị ọzọ.

Ha na-eji ọla, kpọrọ dị ka a ike imewe maka ke art.

Otu nwere ike na-ekwu na ihe nlereanya nke ndị minerals, ndi aha-adịghị maara nke ọma na ndị nkịtị, ọ bụghị metụtara mineralogy, ma o ha dị nnọọ mkpa na ndị ụlọ ọrụ:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Beryl.