Nitrogen-gwara bacteria: ebe obibi, ọrụ

Nje bacteria - a echiche maara onye ọ bụla. Inweta cheese na bred, ọgwụ nje, nsị ọgwụgwọ - niile ndị a eme ka o kwe otu-celled nje ntule. Ka anyị matakwuo na ha nso.

Ole ndị bụ ndị bacteria?

Anọchitekwa anya nke a n'ógbè nke uwa na-anọchi anya otu ìgwè nke prokaryotes - ntule, mkpụrụ ndụ na-efunahụ nke ntọala. Ma nke a apụtaghị na ha adịghị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi. DNA ụmụ irighiri na-free na cytoplasm, na gburugburu shei.

N'ihi na ha na microscopic size - ruo 20 microns, bacteria sayensị ọmụmụ microbiology. Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na prokaryotes nwere ike ịbụ unicellular ma ọ bụ iso na ógbè. Ha nwere a pụtara na oge ochie Ọdịdị. Ke adianade ntọala nje bacteria yipụ niile ụdị plastids, Golgi mgbagwoju, EPS, lysosomes na mitochondria. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na nke a, nje cell nwee ike ịrụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa usoro nke ndụ: anaerobic respiration enweghị oxygen, heterotrophic na autotrophic oriri na-edozi, asexual mmeputakwa na guzobe cysts mgbe enwe oghom ọnọdụ.

klas nke bacteria

Ọ dabeere na nhazi ọkwa nke dị iche iche ihe ịrịba ama. Otu n'ime ha - a ụdị cell. Ka ihe atụ, lee ụdị vibrio rikoma, cocci - ahazi udi. gburugburu echiche nwere spirilla, na nkpa-n'aka-ekara - bacilli.

Ọzọkwa, bacteria na-jikọtara n'ime iche iche dabere na àgwà nke cell Ọdịdị. Ndị a nwere ike na-akpụ a mucous Capsule gburugburu ya mkpụrụ ndụ na-onwem na flagella.

Cyanobacteria, ma ọ bụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae, nwere ike photosynthesis na na mushrooms na-akụkụ nke lichen.

Ọtụtụ ụdị nke bacteria nwere ike symbiosis - a ibe bara uru ibikọ ọnụ ntule. Nitrogen-gwara bacteria idozi na mgbọrọgwụ nke legumes na osisi ndị ọzọ, na-akpụ nodules. Nso ke nodule bacteria, mfe maa. Ha tọghata ikuku nitrogen, nke bụ otú ọ dị mkpa maka mmepe nke osisi.

ọkọnọ Ụzọ

Prokaryotes bụ otu ìgwè nke ntule, nke dị ihe niile ụdịdị nke nri. Ya mere, green na-acha odo odo bacteria na-eri nri na autotrophic, site anyanwụ ike. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke plastids ọ ga-ese na-dị iche iche na agba, ma mgbe nile na-ebu chlorophyll. Nje na osisi photosynthesis iche budata. Na bacteria, mmiri bụ chọrọ reagent. The elektrọn enye onyinye nwere ike hydrogen ma ọ bụ hydrogen sulfide, ya mere, oxygen na-adịghị tọhapụrụ n'oge usoro a.

A nnukwu ìgwè bacteria nri heterotrophically, t. E. Njikere organic bekee. Dị otú ahụ ntule na-eji na-enye foduru nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ntule na ha metabolic ngwaahịa. Nje bacteria rere ere ma gbaa ụka nwere ike eweda niile nke mara organic bekee. Dị otú ahụ ntule na-akpọ saprotroph.

Ụfọdụ osisi bacteria nwere ike na-etolite a symbiosis na ndị ọzọ ntule: dịkwa ka usoro ha, ha na akụkụ nke lichen, ibe bikọta mgbọrọgwụ nke leguminous nitrogen-gwara mgbọrọgwụ nodule bacteria.

chemotroph

Ìgwè ndị ọzọ dị nri na ụdị bụ chemotroph. Ọ bụ ụdị autotrophic oriri na-edozi, nke anyanwụ ike na-eji kama nke ike nke chemical nkekọ nke dị iche iche bekee. Nitrogen-gwara bacteria nke ndị dị otú ahụ ntule. Ha oxidize ụfọdụ inorganic ogige onwe ha mgbe huu mkpa ego nke ike.

Nitrogen-gwara bacteria: ebe obibi

N'otu aka ahụ, na ndepụta ma microorganisms ike nke na n'ịtụgharị a nitrogen compound. Ha na-akpọ nitrogen-gwara bacteria. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na bacteria na-ebi n'ebe nile, na ebe obibi nke a karịsịa ụdị - ala. More kpọmkwem, na mgbọrọgwụ nke leguminous osisi.

Ọdịdị

Nso ke nodule bacteria? Ọ bụ n'ihi na ha mebere atumatu. Nitrogen-gwara bacteria na-doro anya na anya ka gba ọtọ anya. Edozi na mgbọrọgwụ nke legumes na ọka, ha banye n'ime n'ime osisi. N'ụdị a na ndim, nke na-ewe ebe n'ime metabolism.

Ọ bụ uru na-ekwu na nitrogen-gwara bacteria na-Mutualists otu. Ha coexistence na ndị ọzọ ntule bụ ibe bara uru. N'oge photosynthesis, osisi synthesize carbohydrate glucose, dị mkpa maka ndụ Filiks. Nje bacteria na-adịghị ike nke na-ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro, otú njikere iji nweta sugar si agwa.

Osisi maka Life kwesịrị nitrogen. Nke a umi ke ọdịdị nke a zuru ezu ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. Ka ihe atụ, nitrogen ọdịnaya nke ikuku bụ 78%. Otú ọ dị, na steeti a, osisi na-enweghị ike itinye uche anyị dum a umi. Nitrogen-gwara bacteria idozi ikuku nitrogen na ịtụgharị ya na a n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na osisi.

arụpụtaghị

Nso ke nitrogen-gwara bacteria nwere ike hụrụ na ndị atụ chemotrophic azospirillum bacteria. Nke a organism bi na mgbọrọgwụ nke grasses: barley ma ọ bụ ọka wit. Ọ na-ezi na-akpọ a ndú n'etiti ndị na-emepụta nke nitrogen. Kwa hectare ọ bụ ike inye 60 n'arọ nke mmewere.

Nitrogen-gwara bacteria nke legumes, dị ka rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy na ndị ọzọ na-ezi ihe "na-arụ ọrụ". Ha na-enwe ike eme ka hectare nke ala uka na nitrogen ruo 390 n'arọ. On perennial leguminous osisi ibi mmeri azotoobrazovaniya onye arụmọrụ bụ ruo 560 kg kwa hectare nke na-emezu ala.

ndụ Filiks

All na nitrogen-gwara bacteria na nkọwa ndị doro nke dị oké mkpa Filiks nwere ike kewara abụọ iche iche. Ìgwè nke mbụ bụ nitrifying. Ihe kachasi mkpa metabolism na nke a bụ a yinye chemical mgbanwe. Amonia, ma ọ bụ amonia converted n'ime nitrite - salts nke nitric acid. Nitrites, n'aka nke ya, na-converted n'ime nitrates, nke bụkwa na salts a compound. N'ụdị nitrate nitrogen na-mma etinye obi gị dum site na mgbọrọgwụ usoro osisi.

Nke abụọ otu a na-akpọ denitrifying bacteria. Ha mepụta inverse usoro: nitrati dị na ala, na-ghọrọ ka nitrogen gas. N'ihi ya, ọ a nitrogen okirikiri ke uwa.

Site na Filiks nke ndụ na-emetụta usoro nke mmeputakwa. Ọ na-adị site nkerisi ya abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ukwuu na-erughị - by budding. E ji mara nke bacteria na mmekọahụ usoro akpọ conjugation. N'otu oge ahụ, e nwere ihe mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi.

N'ihi na mgbọrọgwụ usoro allocates a ọtụtụ ihe bara uru bekee, bacteria emen na ukwuu. Ha tọghata osisi residues n'ime bekee bụ ike banye osisi. N'ihi ya, a oyi akwa nke ala gburugburu enweta ụfọdụ Njirimara. Ọ na-akpọ ndị rhizosphere.

Ụzọ nke penetration nke bacteria na-akpata

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke na-ewebata ndị nje na mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ nke na-akpata usoro. Nke a nwere ike ime eme n'ihi na arịa ọrịa nke integumentary anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na ebe ndị na-akpata na-eto eto na mkpụrụ ndụ. mgbọrọgwụ ntutu mpaghara a na-chemotroph site penetration n'ime osisi. Ọzọkwa, mgbọrọgwụ ntutu na oria ka a N'ihi nke nọ n'ọrụ cell nkewa nke nje nodules kpụrụ. Mejuputa na-efe efe na mkpụrụ ndụ na-etolite filaments na-anọgide na usoro nke penetration n'ime osisi anụ ahụ. Na conductive nje usoro metụtara na mgbọrọgwụ nodules. N'ime oge ahụ, ha na-enweta a pụrụ iche mgwa - Leghemoglobin.

Site na oge mgbaàmà ezigbo ọrụ nodules nweta a pink agba (n'ihi na ink Leghemoglobin). Ike idozi nitrogen nanị ndị na bacteria na-ebu Leghemoglobin.

pụtara chemotroph

Ndị mmadụ ogologo chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na legumes igwu ala a ebe owuwe ihe ubi ga-aka mma. N'ezie, ebe a abụghị na usoro nke na-akọ ubi. Nke a ala na-ọzọ mma site nitrogen, ya mere, dị mkpa maka ibu na mmepe nke osisi.

Ọ bụrụ na mpempe akwụkwọ a na-ezo dị ka a factory n'ihi na mmepụta nke oxygen, na nitrogen-gwara bacteria nwere ike n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-akpọ a factory n'ihi na mmepụta nke nitrati.

Back na narị afọ nke 19, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akwụ ụgwọ ntị na ịtụnanya ike nke leguminous osisi. N'ihi enweghị ihe ọmụma nke ha ekwuo naanị osisi na-ejikọta ya na ndị ọzọ ntule. Ọ na-e-atụ aro na epupụta nwere ike idozi ikuku nitrogen. N'oge nwere ọ hụrụ na pulses nke emewo na mmiri, ida a ike. N'ime afọ 15, ajụjụ a nọgidere na a omimi. Ọ dịghị onye chepụtara na-ebu ihe niile a na nitrogen-gwara bacteria, nke bụ ebe obibi na a na-amụ. Ọ tụgharịrị na ikpe na a symbiotic ntule. Naanị ọnụ legumes na bacteria nwere ike na-emepụta na nitrati maka osisi.

Ugbu a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na ihe karịrị mmadụ 200 na osisi, nke na-abụghị nke na legume ezinụlọ, ma ike na-etolite a symbiosis na nitrogen-gwara bacteria. Nduku, sorghum, wheat nwekwara nwere ihe bara uru Njirimara.