Njirimara nke aluminum - ihe mgbe niile

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na aha mbụ nke ihe - ngwaọrụ, ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa - kasị ezi na ihe kwere nghọta na-egosi ha kachasi mkpa. Na mgbe ahụ na e a oge nke echiche na-abịa a aha ọhụrụ, na nkà mmụta sayensị, nke o doro anya "ụwa" n'echiche na-aga n'ime nchefu. Ozugbo aluminum nwe aha alumina, ie, "The ụrọ nke ụwa", na ụrọ, dị ka anyị maara, bụ isi ala. Ugbu a na-akpọ alumina. Na-anọchi dị adị tupu aha "alumina" abịawo a aha ọhụrụ - "Aluminium" - mara mma, omimi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Legend nke mbụ biakwa obibia nke níle Önwa, nwere ọgwụgwụ dị mwute: nna ukwu ahụ, e gosiri Emperor Tiberius ịtụnanya cup of siburu amaghị metal na-a onyinye a otu otu, bụ dị nnọọ bụrụ na, bipu isi-ya - hụrụ onye na-enye. N'oge ndị ahụ, na mmalite nke oge anyị, ajụjụ nke nzuzo edozi fundamentally, na ekele maka nkà bụ peculiar. Ihe ọ bụla ọ bụ, ma Paracelsus ike iri na ise na narị afọ ndị alumina (alum) eji idozi dyes na akwa na leathers, nwere oxide nke na-amaghị metal.

Pure metal bụ ike na-na na 1825. Danish ọkà mmụta sayensị Oersted dị ka a n'akụkụ mmetụta nke ha nnyocha e "a mpempe metal yiri tin ', ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ mere abụghị. Otú ọ dị, site n'etiti XIX narị afọ aluminum - silver, ìhè, mfe hazie metal - kpọrọ karịa ọlaedo. Njirimara nke aluminum isi ekele jewelers. Ọ bụ ejiji, na ihe ngosi na Paris na 1855, aluminum ngwaahịa gosipụtawo n'akụkụ French okpueze na diamonds. Dị ka a maara, ina mere na-enye, ka technology nwetara enyem aka development. Na site n'etiti iri na abụọ na narị afọ, ọ ghọrọ ihe ndị nkịtị aluminum na ọtụtụ-eji ihe onwunwe engineering, na n'ụzọ anụ Njirimara nke aluminum e ọma amu.

Industrial mmepụta nke aluminum Technology

The ndabere maka aluminum mmepụta bụ electrolysis na akụrụngwa na-etisasịwo na wụrụ awụ cryolite-alumina Al2O3. N'ihi electrolysis bath na-eji, na-arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ bụ obere ihe na-erughị 1000 Celsius C. Wụrụ awụ aluminum na-anakọtara na na ala nke bath - a echichi cathode. Wụsara ya n'ime udi ma na-Bullion ma ọ bụ ingots - na akụrụngwa maka inwekwu nhazi.

aluminum Njirimara ịgbanwe ke chọrọ n'ụzọ site dopants. N'ihi ya nweta abawanye ike, ekweghị ekwe, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, wdg na-elekwasị anya na kpọmkwem ngwa. Alloying ihe dị iche iche dị alloys -. Ọla kọpa, manganese, zinc, magnesium, nakwa dị ka (obere obere), sịlịkọn, ígwè, nickel, wdg na-agbakwunyere na gbazee n'oge ikpeazụ imewe nke okokụre ngwaahịa chọrọ.

Basic ahụ voystva na aluminum

Ọ bụla ihe ji a set of physico-chemical Njirimara, nke na-ekpebi ya ụdi were. Aluminum Njirimara - mgbanwe, ala kpọmkwem ibu, ezi thermal na ọkụ conductivity - nile maara.

• Aluminum njupụta - 2,710 kg / m3
• Agbaze uche - 660 ° C
• Esi ebe - 2519 ° C
• Eletriki resistivity - 2,7 * 10-8 m ohms / sq mm.

Si ele ihe anya nke eletriki ngwa adabere n'ihe ụfọdụ mmasị bụ magnetik Njirimara nke aluminum, nke na ọ na-ezo aka otu weakly paramagnetic bekee. Nke a na klas nke ihe e ji na na ya ndọta n'okpuru edinam nke mpụga ubi ekwekọ n'àgwà nke ndị direction, na, ọ bụ ezie nnọọ ubé, ma na-abawanye.

The ojiji nke aluminum

The uru nke ihe onwunwe na-ekpebi uru isiokwu ya nile. Aluminum ina na akpa ebe dị ka a na-ewu ihe. mfe nke nhazi na-ekwe ka ojiji nke corrosion eguzogide aluminum ngwaahịa na-ewu, engineering, maka amị okpomọkụ, nri na ndị ọzọ na ụdị ngwá. Aluminum - bụ isi bughi ihe onwunwe nke ụgbọelu. Esiwanye na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na aluminum alloys maka shipbuilding - hulls, nkwurịta okwu, superstructure, dị iche iche mmiri na ngwá. Ọ na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ na kwa ụbọchị ndụ silumin na duralumin - corrosive aluminum alloys na ọla kọpa - ruo 7% ma ọ bụ sịlịkọn - ruo 14%.

aluminum conductivity ubé ala karịa ọla kọpa, ma aluminum ọtụtụ mfe ma dị ọnụ ala karịa na ruru ya obosara eji na ọkụ eletrik. N'ihi ya bụ isi Njirimara nke aluminum maka ndị dị otú ahụ were - a obere electric eguzogide, arọ, na ala na-eri. Esiwanye na ọkụ na ngwá, nke na-adịbeghị anya kpamkpam adịkwaghị nanị ọla kọpa na-eduzi, na-eji aluminum windings nke nkesa, inductors, ngwa agha, "isi" Gịnị na ndị ọzọ. Ogwe ike akara bụkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ikpọkọmde aluminum.

E nwere doro anya na nke a magburu onwe metal bụghị ma kpugheere ya nile, ohere - a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.