Nweekwa usoro: ọrụ na Ọdịdị. Mmepe nke mmadụ nweekwa ngwa

All akụkụ nke ngagharị, na-enye ahụ na-akpụ akpụ na ohere na-jikọtara n'ime otu usoro. Nke a na-agụnye ọkpukpu, njikọ, akwara na akwara njikọ. Nweekwa usoro nke mmadụ rụrụ ụfọdụ ọrụ n'ihi na peculiarities nke guzobere na Ọdịdị nke akụkụ nke locomotion.

pụtara locomotor

Human ọkpụkpụ anamde ọtụtụ mkpa ọrụ:

• akwado;
• nchebe;
• Ọ na-enye ike imegharị ahụ;
• atụ ke ịnweta metabolism na hematopoiesis.

Mebiri nke nweekwa usoro-akpata enweghị nchịkwa Filiks na ọtụtụ usoro nke ahu. Mọzụlụ mmasị ka ọkpụkpụ a rụrụ ije na mmekọrita ọ bụla ọzọ, adịru ije nke ahụ ahụ na-nyere na ohere. Muscular usoro nwere ya ọtọ atụmatụ:

• Ọ daputara ahụ mmadụ uji eze, na-echebe ha si n'ibu mmebi;
• n'ịrụ a support ọrụ, na-akwado ahụ na a ụfọdụ ọnọdụ.

Na mmepe nke locomotor ngwa nke mmadụ na-akpali akpali nke Central ụjọ usoro mmepe. Mmepe nke muscle na akwara mkpụrụ ndụ - ndị dabere na onye ọ bụla ọzọ usoro. Ịmara ihe atụmatụ nke nweekwa usoro ndị dị mkpa maka kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ ahụ, ọ nwere ike kwubiri na ọkpụkpụ dị oké mkpa aka ahu Ọdịdị.

N'oge embryogenesis, mgbe ahụ a na-fọrọ adịghị emetụta ọ bụla stimuli, nwa ebu n'afọ na ije iwe na muscle anabata. Site ndị a pulses gaa Central ụjọ usoro, na-akpali akpali mmepe nke akwara ozi. N'otu oge, ndị na-emepe emepe ụjọ usoro akpali na mmepe nke muscular usoro.

skeletal Mmebe

Ọkpụkpụ - a set nke ọkpụkpụ na ịrụ a support, moto na echebe ọrụ. Nweekwa usoro nke ụmụ mmadụ nwere banyere 200 ọkpụkpụ (dabere na afọ), nile nke na-unmatched ludo 33-34. Ịmata Ọdịiche centerline (ǹgụ, Okpukpo isi, vertebrae), na ndọtị (free N'ịdị) ọkpụkpụ.

Ọkpụkpụ kpụrụ ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, metụtara iche iche nke connective anụ ahụ. Ọ na-emi esịnede mkpụrụ ndụ na a na ok extracellular matriks, nke nwere a plurality nke collagen ma ịnweta mmiri na-enye elasticity.

The ọkpụkpụ bụ a repository maka mkpa ụmụ mmadụ akụkụ: e wezụga okpokoro isi bụ ụbụrụ, na ọkpụkpụ azụ kanaal - ọgidigi azụ, obi na-enye nchebe nke na nkọlọ, akpa ume, obi, isi ọbara na venous Kporo, na pelvis echebe megide mmebi akụkụ nke urogenital usoro. Mebiri nke nweekwa usoro nwere ike ime ka emebi esịtidem akụkụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-emegide ndụ.

ọkpụkpụ Ọdịdị

The dịpụrụ adịpụ nzà ọkpụkpụ na kọmpat umi. The ruru dịgasị dabere na ọnọdụ na ọrụ nke a na-akụkụ nke nweekwa usoro.

The kọmpat umi na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na na aro nke ogologo ọkpụkpụ, nke na-enye nkwado na locomotor ọrụ. Nzà ihe onwunwe na-etinye na ewepụghị na obere ọkpụkpụ. The dum elu nke ọkpụkpụ (ma e wezụga na nkwonkwo) kpuchie periosteum (periosteum).

ọkpụkpụ a kpụworo

The ontogeny nke e guzobere usoro nke nweekwa usoro site na ọtụtụ nkebi - webbed, cartilage na ọkpụkpụ. Site na nke abụọ izu mgbe a tụụrụ ime ya na mesenchyme nke membranous ọkpụkpụ a kpụrụ nke cartilage primordia. Site 8th izu nke cartilage anụ ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ nọchie ọkpụkpụ.

Nnọchi cartilaginous ọkpụkpụ nwere ike ịgbatị na ọtụtụ ụzọ:

• perihondrialnoe osifikeshịọn - ọkpụkpụ guzobere cartilage perimeta;
• periosteal osifikeshịọn - mmepụta nke-eto eto osteocytes kpụrụ periosteum;
• enchondral osifikeshịọn - ọkpụkpụ a kpụworo n'ime cartilage.

The usoro nke ọkpụkpụ a kpụworo bụ Germination arịa na connective anụ ahụ si cartilage n'ime periosteum (na ndị a ebe cartilage mbibi emee). Part nke osteogenic mkpụrụ ndụ ekemende ịzụlite cancellous ọkpụkpụ.

N'oge nwa ebu n'afọ na mmepe na-adị diaphyseal osifikeshịọn nke ogologo ọkpụkpụ (akpọ isi n'ókè nke osifikeshịọn), mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọmụmụ emee osifikeshịọn epiphysis nke ogologo ọkpụkpụ (nke abụọ isi nke osifikeshịọn). Ruo mgbe afọ nke 16-24 afọ n'etiti epiphyses na diaphysis nọgidere cartilaginous epiphyseal efere.

N'ihi ya edidu na-akp akụkụ nke nweekwa usoro. Ozugbo cartilage na-anọchi ọkpụkpụ anọ na emee diaphysis na epiphysis nke ogologo ọkpụkpụ, mmadụ ibu akwụsị.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ vertebral kọlụm

The spinal kọlụm na-sequentially karịrị vertebrae nke ejikọrọ site intervertebral discs, nkwonkwo na akwara njikọ, nke dabeere nweekwa usoro. spinal ọrụ na-abụghị nanị support, ma na-agbachitere, na-egbochi n'ibu mmebi nke akụkụ ahụ ndị dị na ọgidigi azụ, na-agafe na spinal kanaal.

Na-ise n'akụkụ nke ọkpụkpụ azụ - coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic na cervical. Onye ọ bụla ngalaba nwere a ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke agagharị, kpamkpam kwụụrụ bụ naanị sacral spain.

ije nke ọkpụkpụ azụ ma ọ bụ na ya ngalaba dịgidere skeletal uru. Proper mmepe nke nweekwa usoro na neonatal oge, na-enye ndị dị mkpa support maka esịtidem akụkụ na usoro na ha nchebe.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ obi

Ǹgụ - osteochondral guzobere esịnede nke sternum na ọgịrịga 12 thoracic vertebrae. Udi nke obi yiri oge ufodu truncated cone. The ngụgụ nwere anọ mgbidi:

• n'ihu - kpụrụ sternum na ọgịrịga cartilage;
• n'azụ - a kpụrụ vertebrae nke thoracic spain ma n'azụ nsọtụ nke ọgịrịga;
• 2 n'akụkụ - kpụrụ ozugbo ọgịrịga.

Ọzọkwa dịpụrụ adịpụ abụọ oghere ǹgụ - ihe elu na ala aperture. Gabiga elu oghere nke akụkụ okuku ume na akụkụ na nke digestive usoro (na nkọlọ, oghere eji ekunye ume, irighiri akwara na ọbara arịa). The ala aperture a na-emechi site na a diaphragm, nke nwere a oghere maka Itie nke isi ọbara na venous Kporo (aorta, usụhọde vena cava), na nkọlọ.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ okpokoro isi

The okpokoro isi bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi ihe owuwu nke ihe axial ọkpụkpụ, nke Nleta nweekwa usoro. Okpokoro Isi ọrụ - echebe ụbụrụ, sensory akụkụ, na nkwado maka isi nkewa nke akụkụ okuku ume na digestive usoro. Ọ mejupụtara paired na unpaired ọkpụkpụ na a na-ekewa n'ime ụbụrụ na ọdịdị ihu ngalaba.

The n'ihu na ngalaba nke okpokoro isi bụ:

• nke maxillary na mandibular ọkpụkpụ;
• abụọ gọzie gị ọkpụkpụ;
• zygomatic ọkpụkpụ.

Ọdịdị neurocranium na-agụnye:

• na frontal ọkpụkpụ ;
• paired temporal ọkpụkpụ;
• Goodbye sphenoid ọkpụkpụ;
• uzuoku parietal ọkpụkpụ ;
• occipital ọkpụkpụ.

Brain ngalaba nwere a na-echebe ọrụ n'ihi na ụbụrụ na bụ ya awụnye. Front ụlọ ọrụ na-enye nkwado na isi ngalaba nke akụkụ okuku ume na digestive usoro na sensory akụkụ.

Nweekwa usoro: ọrụ na Ọdịdị nke aka na ụkwụ

Na na mmalite nke N'ịdị ọkpụkpụ ka enwetara ọtụtụ agagharị n'ihi articular articulation nke ọkpụkpụ (karịsịa radial na carpal nkwonkwo). Igbunye thoracic na pelvic n'úkwù.

The elu belt (obi) na-agụnye abụọ agụba na clavicle ọkpụkpụ, na ala (pelvic) kpụrụ akpụ site na ụzọ nke pelvic ọkpụkpụ. The free òkè nke elu N'ịdị bụ ndị na-esonụ ngalaba:

• proximal - dere humerus;
• nkezi - anọchi anya ulna na okirikiri;
• distal - Gụnyere nkwojiaka ọkpụkpụ, metacarpal ọkpụkpụ na nkpisi-aka-ọkpụkpụ.

The free akụkụ nke ala N'ịdị mejupụtara ndị na-esonụ ngalaba:

• proximal - dere femur;
• Intermediate - agụnye adị ka okporo ụkwụ na fibula;
• distal - nlekọta ọkpụkpụ, mbọ ụkwụ ọkpụkpụ na ọkpụkpụ nke mkpịsị aka.

N'ịdị ọkpụkpụ na-enye ohere a dịgasị iche iche nke omume na dị oké mkpa maka nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-enye ndị nweekwa usoro. skeletal ọrụ nke free N'ịdị siri ike overestimate, n'ihi na ha nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịrụ nta niile na omume.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ nweekwa usoro

Skeletal uru mmasị ka ọkpụkpụ na Mbelata na-enye ije nke ahụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ya n'akụkụ ke ohere. Na obi nke skeletal uru striated muscle emep uta eri. Na mgbakwunye na nkwado na moto ọrụ nke uru ahụ na-enye ndị ọrụ nke na-eku ume, ilo, ịta, na-aka na ọdịdị ihu, okpomọkụ ọgbọ na articulation okwu.

Isi Njirimara nke skeletal uru bụ:

• excitability - ọrụ nke muscle emep uta eri a rụrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke akwara esi gboo;
• conductivity - si akwara endings Central ụjọ usoro bụ ngwa ngwa na-akwadoghị akwado conduction;
• contractility - dị ka a n'ihi nke akwara na-akwadoghị akwado okporo ụzọ rụrụ contractility nke skeletal uru.

Akwara mee nke na nsọtụ nke akaị (akwara, mọzụlụ na-mmasị ka ọkpụkpụ) na afo (esịnede striated muscle emep uta eri). Achikota oru nke nweekwa usoro a rụrụ kwesịrị ekwesị ịrụ ọrụ nke uru ahụ na ọ dị mkpa n'ihi na nke a nural ụkpụrụ nke muscle emep uta eri.