Ọla - ihe alloy mejupụtara. The chemical mejupụtara nke ọla

Ọtụtụ ndị maara nke ọla bụ na ọ na-ajụ ihe ọkpụkpụ na ncheta. N'ezie, metal na-efunahụ ndị mmadụ anya na-erughịrị mmadụ. Abụghị ihe efu n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọbụna oze Age - ihe dum oge, mgbe ndị alloy emeela a kasị ọnọdụ. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ole na ole ihe na-eji ma na ụlọ ọrụ na na nkà. Àgwà nwere ndị alloy nke ọla kọpa na gbamgbam bụ nanị oké mkpa ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ọ na-eji na imewe nke egbe, igwe ụlọ, site ogwu ogbugba nke ụka hey, na na. N'ihi ya e nwere taa a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke metal akara, ọ bụla nke nwere ụfọdụ tupu yie Njirimara.

The ojiji nke ọla ikpeazụ

E kwuru banyere ihe alloy nke ọla kọpa na gbamgbam na-dere IV narị afọ iri BC. Ọ bụ nke a na nkà na ụzụ itunanya, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, ka mmepeanya nke Mesopotamia na-a mgbe a-eduga ọnọdụ. Archaeological gwupụtara rụrụ n'ebe ndịda Iran, na-egosi ojiji e ji ọla kọpa nke na-eme arrowheads, daga, na ube, na iji akara, mma agha. Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-achọta e nwere ọbụna home-abụ, dị ka ngwá ụlọ na enyo, nakwa dị ka ite, agbanye, ite na efere. N'ihi minting oge ochie ego na ọla Ndinam eji otu alloy.

Ọla na Middle Ages amalite ka ifịk ifịk-eji na Europe. Site na ọ na-emepụta dị otú ahụ oke ihe dị ka cannons na chọọchị domes. Na a gasịrị oge, na mmepe nke n'ibu injinịa, dị ka vasatail metal na-hụwo. Ọ na-e ji kpọrọ ihe, tumadi maka mgbochi esemokwu na mgbochi corrosion Njirimara. Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na ihe onwunwe na-eji tupu, bụ dịtụ iche iche site na nke taa bụ ọla kọpa. The alloy mejupụtara mejupụtara a plurality nke obere adịghị budata imebi ya mma.

The chemical mejupụtara nke oge a na ọla

Taa ke ihe-akpọ ọla alloy nke abụọ ọla kọpa na gbamgbam, nke ike-eji dị iche iche n'ike-n'ike. Iji mee ka metal nke set nke àgwà a ụzọ nwere ike kwukwara zinc, site, magnesium, edu ndú na sịlịkọn. Ọnụnọ nke na-enwe adịghị na taa technology na-fọrọ ebelata ka efu.

Ọtụtụ mgbe na-ewere na-anabata ruru nke ọla kọpa na gbamgbam na otosịrị iru nke 85 na 15 percent. Mbenata nkezi nke kwuru abụọ akụrụngwa, n'okpuru larịị a jụwa ọtụtụ nsogbu, isi nke bụ a na-adọ nkewa. Nke a na okwu na-ezo aka usoro Metallurgical alloy stratification na mkpumkpu hardening.

Mmetụta nke alloy na ya àgwà na agba

Mara ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmụta ọtụtụ ihe banyere ihe onwunwe, dị nnọọ site na-achọ na na agba, nke nwere a ọla. The mejupụtara nke a kpọmkwem mmetụta na nke a oke. I kwutere ya, red hue enye alloy ọla kọpa. Ya mere, a ọnụ ya pasent na ihu ọma nke ndị ọzọ mmiri ga pụtara a nwayọọ nwayọọ mgbanwe nke na agba na a dull-aj u.

Na ot mpempe akwụkwọ mmiri (85% ọla kọpa) ọla Ebu yellowness. Ndị dị otú ahụ a version pụrụ ịchọta ọzọ mgbe. White alloy nwetara mgbe ukpụhọde ruru ka 50:50. Ma ọla na-awọ, ị ga-belata ego ọla kọpa ka 35%.

Ma mgbanwe nke bara uru e ji mara nke alloy mgbe sorokwa mkpara ya, ọnọdụ a dị ka ndị a. The ductility nke ihe onwunwe ga-adabere na ọdịnaya nke tin nime ya. Ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ihe pliable ga-ọla, ma nke a bụ eziokwu naanị ruo otu ịgba. N'ihi ya, mgbe larịị nke 50% na alloy aghọ soft ọzọ.

ọla art

Strong na inogide ihe onwunwe, na-enwe na nke a a zuru ezu ala agbaze okpomọkụ na ezi ductility, ike-enwe mmasị na ihe ndị mmadụ, akpan akpan nka. Ugbua na V-IV narị afọ BC na Greece e-arụ ọrụ kasị nta nju nkà na ụzụ nke n'ichepụta nke ọla akpụ, nke ka mkpa taa. Ọ mejupụtara na na oyiyi nke flameproof ihe ibido dochie na wax, nke na-na-ebibi n'oge nkedo. N'ihi nke a ịbịaru nke mbụ a na-arụpụtara plaster nlereanya, na mgbe ebu maka nkedo. The wax ọdịnaya mgbe ọ gụrụ okpomọkụ dị nnọọ na-agbaze, na-ewe ya ebe ọla, nke cools na solidifies. Mgbe nke ọ pụrụ nanị hazie ma na-ewetara okè.

ogbunigwe metal

N'ihi imewe nke egbe, ma n'ọdịnihu na ihe ndị ọzọ na ngwá agha, ọ mgbe eji ọla kọpa. The mejupụtara nke alloy, nke na-eji maka ndị a na nzube-emekarị nwere 90% ọla kọpa na 10% tin naanị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ihe maka egbe ga nnọọ ike na enweta a elu ike ọdụdọ. Àgwà ndị a nwere ọla Brand BrAZhMts10-3-1.5. E wezụga isi mmiri ya mejupụtara nwere 1.2% nke manganese, nke enwekwu frictional na okpomọkụ na e ji mara.

Production ụka mgbịrịgba

Bell gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'obi nwere na-melodic, ma ụda ya ga-atọ ntị na a anya. Oddly ezu, ma ọla nwere ndị egwú talent. Ka iwelie mma ụda ya mgbịrịgba na-mere si na-alloy na a elu tin ọdịnaya (20 na 22%). Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-agbakwụnye a bit nke ọla-ọcha. Stampụ nke ọla kọpa, nke na-eji imewe nke hey na ndị ọzọ na percussion ngwá bara ngwa ọzọ ọrụ bụ nnọọ ekwesighi. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na nke a alloy nwere a mma ọka Ọdịdị na ụba fragility.

Phosphoric acid na aluminum ọla

First alloy esịnede 90% ọla kọpa, na nke 9% nke tin na 1% site mee na 1871 Künzel afọ. Ọ kpọ aha-ya phosphor ọla kọpa, na ihe onwunwe hụrụ ya ngwa tumadi na n'ibu injinịa. O wee kpụọ a dịgasị iche iche nke igwe na akụkụ na-gụrụ ụba esemokwu. Site dị mkpa maka amụba ekwedo ma rụọ ọrụ anticorrosive Njirimara. Ndị isi uru nke a metal bụ na ọ na n'ụzọ zuru okè jupụtara n'ime bụla Ikuku na nkedo.

Aluminum ọla, na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke dị iche a elu ọdịnaya nke ọla kọpa (95%), ọdịdị dị yiri nnọọ gold. Ke adianade mara mma, ya nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ uru. Ka ihe atụ, na mgbakwunye na nke 5% aluminum alloy enyere idi ogologo n'ebe ike ike gburugburu dị ka hyperacidity.

Dị ka ihe maka imewe nke dị iche iche igwe akụkụ, ifịk ifịk metal na-fọrọ nke nta ka ala dochie anya phosphoric ọla akwụkwọ mills na powder mmepụta ruru ka a elu counter-agbawa.

Silicon na manganese ọla

Silicon na-agbakwunyere na alloy aka conductivity. Ọ bụ àgwà na-eji na imewe nke ekwentị wires. Reference sịlịkọn ọla mejupụtara bụ dị ka ndị: 97,12% ọla kọpa, 1,14% tin, 0,05% sịlịkọn.

Ndị kasị sie ike na usoro nke inweta etu ọnụ alloy nwere manganese. The dum usoro na-ewe ebe ọtụtụ nkebi. First ferromangan kwukwara na wụrụ awụ ọla kọpa. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe a gaghị agara okpomọkụ, atụkwasịkwara tin, na zinc, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. British ike Bronce Company manufactures ọtụtụ iche nke manganese ọla, na-enwe dị iche iche viscosity na ekweghị ekwe. Ime a yiri alloy nwere ike fọrọ nke nta niile ọrụ.