Organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound. Nhazi ọkwa nke organic ogige

Umi esịnede abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa mmiri, bụ a mgbagwoju organic ma ọ bụ inorganic compound. Dabere na ngwa kpebisiri ike site e ji mara ya, mejupụtara na ndị ọzọ na egosi. The chemical ogige chee na gburugburu ebe obibi buru ibu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere a mmetụta bara uru, na ụfọdụ - a na-agbawa obi mmetụta na ndu eme ntule. The ịnweta ogige nọ na inorganic okike. A na-agụnye, akpan akpan, na-agụnye sọlfọ, graphite, ájá na ndị ọzọ. E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ, nke na-akọwa ihe organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound.

ya mere eme

Okwu ahụ bụ "organic compound" apụtawo na mmalite nkebi nke mmepe nke chemical sayensị. Nke a na klas na-agụnye bekee nke bụ ugbu ke mejupụtara nke carbon (ewepu carbonic acid cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). N'oge mgbe a na-adịkwaghị vitalistic ele ihe anya, wee na omenala nke Aristotle na Pliny nke Okenye na nkewa nke ụwa dum na-adịghị ndụ na ibi bekee iche dabere na nke alaeze ha bụ: anụmanụ na akwukwo nri ma ọ bụ ịnweta. Ke adianade do, e weere ya na maka njikọ nke mbụ chọrọ pụrụ iche "ike ndụ." Na nke a, kwadebere si inorganic organic umi ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Otú ọ dị, nke a ọtụtụ ndị chere na-gbaghara na 1828 site Wohler. Ọ synthesized inorganic ammonium cyanate organic urea. Sị na nkewa, Otú ọ dị, a na-ẹnịm ke ala nke ugbu a. Site ihe ibiere kpebisiri ike site na-organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound? Banyere nke a mgbe e mesịrị na isiokwu.

Isi

The kasị ọtụtụ klas nke organic ogige na-atụle taa. Of nke e nwere ugbu a ihe karịrị nde iri. Ndị dị otú ahụ a manifold e mere ka na-etolite a onwunwe pụrụ iche nke carbon atọm yinye. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, bụ n'ihi na nkwụsi ike nke nkwurịta okwu. Carbon-carbon yinye nwere ike otu ma ọ bụ multiple - Mmaji, abụọ. Site na-amụba multiplicity abawanye na ume (kwụsie ike) njikọ, na ogologo, Anglịkan, na-ebelata. Ruru akwa valency nke carbon na-ekwe omume ná mgbanwe nke akụkụ Ọdịdị kpụrụ ụdị ndị dị otú ahụ ígwè (atọ akụkụ, ewepụghị, linear). Ịnweta ụdị kwuru na ogige hụrụ ke uwa. Ndị bekee nwere akpan akpan mejupụtara na Ọdịdị, anụ ahụ e ji mara. The n'ozuzu Ọdịdị nke otu ụdị dị ka inorganic bekee. The mejupụtara nwere ike ịdị iche n'ókè ụfọdụ. A atụmatụ nke ogige bụ a eke ịnweta na ezi ndokwa nke atọm. Fundamentals nke taxonomy nke a bekee edebere na 1814 site Berzelius.

Mejupụtara dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi distinguishing atụmatụ nke bekee

Nke ọ bụla ọzọ ụdị kọwaa mmiri nke Nwa. Umi - bụ ihe organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound enwe a kpọmkwem Ọdịdị na mejupụtara. The isi iche iche nke ogige nke ndu si agụnye na-edozi, carbohydrates, lipids. Gụnyere a na klas nke nucleic asịd advantageously nwere wezụga carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, site, sọlfọ, oxygen. A ọcha bụ akụkụ nke 'oge gboo' organic ogige dị ka isi dị ka a na-achị. N'ihi ya umi nwere ike nkejikotara a dịgasị iche iche nke mmiri. N'ihi ya, isi mma, dị ka nke na-ekpebisi ike a umi na-anọchi anya - ihe organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound - bụ ugbu ke carbon mejupụtara na isi ndị na-e kwuru n'elu.

Echiche nke ịnweta ogige nwere ike na-amụ site n'ịtụle a dịgasị iche iche nke eke bekee - garnets. Ha nwere dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ e ji mara. Ha na-adabere na ndị mejupụtara, n'agbanyeghị nke mgbanwe nke ihe owuwu na-anọgide n'otu. I nwere ike na-ekwu banyere ihe dị iche na na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ atọm na a nọmba-spacings.

Nhazi ọkwa nke organic ogige

Ka ụbọchị, ndị IUPAC nomenclature na-eji. Nhazi ọkwa nke organic ogige dị ka usoro ihe a na-wuru na iwu dị mkpa. Dị na àgwà nke umi ke akpa mkpachi kpebisiri ike na site abụọ isi ibiere. First - a carbon ọkpụkpụ (Ọdịdị nke organic ogige), na nke abụọ - ya ọtọ iche iche. Dị na ọdịdị nke ihe owuwu nke okwu na-kewa cyclic na acyclic. Nke ikpeazụ, n'aka nke ya, na-agụnye unsaturated na ịmachi. The ìgwè nke cyclic ogige bụ carbocyclic na heterocyclic. Ụfọdụ organic ogige nke usoro:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

bughi analysis

Taa, organic chemical ogige na-ji eji ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na-atụle ihe ndị kasị ezi X-ray analysis (crystallography). Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-achọ a elu-edu crystal size chọrọ maka ọbọ akwa mkpebi. Na nke a, crystallography a na-eji obere ugboro ugboro. Elemental analysis bụ a na-ebibi usoro nke na-eji maka quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke na ọdịnaya nke mmiri na molekul. Iji gosi na-anọghị ma ọ bụ ọnụnọ nke akpan akpan ọtọ iche iche na-etinyere infrared spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry bụ a mkpebi siri ike nke molekụla arọ nke bekee na ụzọ nke fragmentation.

The chemical Njirimara nke organic ogige. carboxylic asịd

ndụ mmadụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị a na bekee. Ọtụtụ mara aha dị ka acetic, formic, citric acid. A ogige na-eji imewe nke ọgwụgwọ (acetylsalicylic acid), na nri ụlọ ọrụ nakwa dị ka ncha na ihe sịntetik detergents. Ụfọdụ ogige emepụta site ụmụ ahụhụ (ndanda, n'ihi na ihe atụ) na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nchebe n'aka. Inyịme na cellular larịị Biochemical Filiks metụtara na pyruvic acid na oxidized mgbe ọtụtụ bekee penetrating n'ime ahụ mmadụ, kpụrụ acetic acid ma ọ bụ lactic acid. Na-atụle Ọdịdị nke ahụ carboxyl otu kwesịrị iburu ọnụnọ ke ya okpukpu abụọ nke C = O nkekọ. Na nke a, ọ ga-aka na unsaturated ọtọ iche iche. Ke adianade do, bekee ugbu ke Ọdịdị nke ahụ O-H nkekọ - na mobile hydrogen atọm. Common Njirimara ndị a ogige hụrụ stearic, acetic, acrylic acid na formic acid agwakọta bụghị naanị isi e ji mara asịd, kamakwa aldehydes. Dabere na buu nke a carboxyl otu, ịmata ihe dị iche aromatic, unsaturated, jupụta na ndị ọzọ na bekee. Dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị dị iche iche na molekul bụ dịpụrụ adịpụ dibasic, monobasic na ndị ọzọ. Mgbe atụle àgwà nke ụfọdụ ihe nwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ myirịta inorganic na organic asịd. Ihe atụ, ma bekee nwere ike iwe iwe na ọla, bases.

aromatic hydrocarbons

Ndị a organic ogige nke dị ugbu a na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke hydrogen, carbon, na benzene ntọala. Ihe kasị mkpa na "oge gboo" ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu a bụ benzene (m) na homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). E nwere ọtụtụ aromatic hydrocarbons benzene yiri mgbaaka. A na-agụnye, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na-agụnye diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, na-achọ a usoro nke, na-adị mfe ịghọta otú a umi - organic ma ọ bụ ịnweta compound. Ebe bụ isi nke aromatics ngwaahịa nke coking coal na-eji. Dị ka ihe atụ, a ton nke coal tar nwetara nkezi otu na ọkara kilogram nke toluene, 3.5 n'arọ nke benzene, naphthalene abụọ kilogram.

Main e ji mara nke aromatic hydrocarbons

Dị ka ha na chemical Njirimara aromatic hydrocarbons dị iche iche si alicyclic unsaturated Ester ogige. Na nke a na ọ na-kpebisie ike site a iche iche otu nke ha. N'okpuru nduzi nke nitric acid, na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, halides na ndị ọzọ na reactant na aromatic hydrocarbons, e nwere a nnọchi nke hydrogen atọm. N'ihi bụ a sulfonic acid, na ndị ọzọ na galogenobenzoly. All a bekee bụ intermediates-eji na mmepụta nke e ji esiji ákwà, ọgwụ.

alkanes

Otu a nke mgbagwoju bekee, nke na-agụnye ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ n'ọrụ ogige. All nke ha ugbu ke C-H na C-C bụ otu. Nke a na-eduga ná enweghị ike nke alkanes isonye na mgbakwunye Jeremaya mere. Chlorination ndị a mgbagwoju bekee malite propane, 1st chlorine atọm ike dochie hydrogen atọm dị iche iche. Ntụziaka nke usoro a ga-adabere na ike nke C-H nkekọ. The na-adịghị ike na yinye, na ngwa ngwa nnọchi nke akpan akpan atọm. Na nke a, ihe bụ isi a na-enwe elu ike, nke abụọ, tertiary, wdg mụ

Soro na Jeremaya mere

The dị iche iche reactivity pụrụ iduga na nke na o kwere omume ngwaahịa yiri ka a na-adịkwaghị na otu. Na okpomọkụ nke 25 degrees chlorination nke abụọ circuit ewe ebe anọ na ọkara ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa ndị bụ isi. The fluorination nke alkanes na elu aga, mgbe mgbe, na-agbawa agbawa ọsọ. Nke a na-arụpụta dị iche iche poliftorproizvodnye amalite ihe onwunwe. Na ike nke a na-tọhapụrụ n'oge mmeghachi omume bụ elu na ụfọdụ ikpe kpasue decomposition n'ime radicals ngwaahịa ụmụ irighiri. N'ihi ya, mmeghachi omume ọnụego nnukwu abawanye, nke na-eduga mgbawa ọbụna na pụtara ala okpomọkụ. A ikpehe fluorination nke alkanes bụ a-ekwe omume nke mbibi nke ndị na fluorine atọm nke carbon ọkpụkpụ na guzobere CF4 - ikpeazụ ngwaahịa.