Polymer - ihe ọ bụ? polima mmepụta

Ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya otú iche iche ihe anyị gburugburu, na ihe nke ha na-mere. Tupu mgbe ahụ, banyere XV-XVI narị afọ, isi ihe ndị ọla, na nke osisi, iko e mesịrị, fọrọ nke nta mgbe niile, poselin na nke ụrọ. Ma ugbu narị afọ - oge nke Polymers, nke a ga-atụle n'ihu.

Echiche nke Polymers

Polymer. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Ị nwere ike zaghachi ndị dị iche iche echiche. Na otu aka, a oge a na ihe onwunwe na-eji maka n'ichepụta a plurality nke teknuzu na ihe n'ụlọ.

N'aka nke ọzọ, anyị nwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ a pụrụ iche na-synthesized sịntetik umi ewepụtara na gaghị agara Njirimara maka ojiji na a dịgasị iche iche.

Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a nkọwa ziri ezi, na nke mbụ na okwu nke ulo, na nke abụọ - si ele ihe anya nke chemical. Ọzọ chemical definition bụ dị ka ndị. Polymers - a macromolecular ogige nke dabeere na obere n'ógbè nke molekul yinye - monomers. Ha na-alọghachi ugboro ugboro akpụ polima macrochain. The monomers nwere ike ịbụ ma organic na inorganic ogige.

Ya mere ajụjụ: "polima - ihe ọ bụ?" - achọ a zuru ezu azịza na adreesị niile Njirimara na-eji ndị a bekee.

ụdị Polymers

E nwere ọtụtụ classifications Polymers site iche iche e ji mara (chemical uwa, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, yinye Ọdịdị na na). -Esonụ na tebụl na nkenke atụle isi ụdị Polymers.

Ọzọkwa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti linear Polymers, cross-jikọrọ na branched Ọdịdị. polima isi na-enye ohere ha ka ha bụrụ thermoplastic ma ọ bụ thermosetting. Ha nwekwara iche dị na ike deform n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ.

The nkịtị Njirimara nke polymeric ihe

Basic abụọ nchịkọta ọnọdụ, ahụkarị nke Polymers bụ:

• amorphous;
• crystal.

Onye ọ bụla ji ya set nke Njirimara na nwere mkpa bara uru. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ndị polima na amorphous ala dị, mgbe ahụ na ọ nwere ike vyazkotekuschey mmiri mmiri na yiri enyo ihe onwunwe na Elastomeric compound (rubbers). Ọ na ọtụtụ-eji chemical ọrụ, ewu, nkà na ụzụ, na mmepụta nke ulo oru ngwongwo.

The crystalline steeti Polymers bụ nnọọ ot. N'ezie, a na steeti a na interspersed na amorphous akụkụ nke circuit, na n'ozuzu dum molekul amama nnọọ adaba n'ihi na mmepụta nke mgbanwe, ma n'otu oge elu na ihe siri ike emep uta eri.

The agbaze isi n'ihi na Polymers dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ amorphous gbazee na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na ụfọdụ sịntetik crystalline idi pụtara elu okpomọkụ (Plexiglas, iko eriri, polyurethane, polypropylene).

Polymers nwere ike na-ese na iche iche na agba, na-enweghị mmabido ọ bụla. N'ihi ha mebere atumatu, ha na-enwe ike itinye uche anyị dum na-agba na-enweta ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba na ihe ọhụrụ na agba.

Chemical Properties nke Polymers

Chemical Njirimara nke Polymers dị iche na nke ala molekụla ibu bekee. Nke a bụ n'ihi na size nke molekul, ọnụnọ nke dị iche iche ọtọ iche iche na ya Ọdịdị, nkịtị ngwaahịa nke ebighị ike.

Ke ofụri ofụri, e nwere ọtụtụ isi ụdị nke Jeremaya mere e ji mara ndị Polymers:

1. Jeremaya mere ga-ekpebisi ike site ọtọ otu. Ya bụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị polima bụ a otu OH, ahụkarị alcohols, n'ihi ya, mmeghachi omume nke na ha ga-abụ yiri nke ndị alcohols (akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọxịdashọn, mbelata, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, wdg).
2. Mmekọrịta HMC (ala-molekụla ogige).
3. Jeremaya mere n'etiti Polymers na-etolite a crosslinked macromolecular netwọk (network Polymers, branched).
4. The Jeremaya mere n'etiti ọtọ iche iche n'ime a polima macromolecule.
5. Disintegration nke macromolecule na monomers (yinye umuihe).

All ndị a Jeremaya mere ndị dị oké mkpa na omume, maka nkwadebe nke Polymers na gaghị agara Njirimara na ala nwoke. Polymer Chemistry enye gị ohere ike okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, acid na alkali-àmà ihe, nke nwere n'otu oge zuru ezu ime mgbanwe ma kwụsie ike.

Ngwa nke Polymers na-adị kwa ụbọchị

The ojiji nke ndị a ogige nile. Ole na ole nwere ike icheta ubi nke ụlọ ọrụ, na aku na uba, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, nke ga-adịghị mkpa polima. Gịnị bụ na ọ na - a polymeric aku na uba na ojiji, na otú ọ na-ike agwụ?

1. Chemical ụlọ ọrụ (plastic n'ichepụta, tannins, organic njikọ nke isi ogige).
2. Mechanical engineering, ụgbọelu, mmanụ mmanụ.
3. Medicine na pharmacology.
4. Inweta dyes na -agbawa agbawa, ọgwụ ahụhụ na ogwu ndi na ụmụ ahụhụ na oru ugbo.
5. Ewu ụlọ ọrụ (ígwè alloying, imewe ụda na okpomọkụ mkpuchi, ụlọ ihe).
6. Na-eme ka ụmụaka, efere, akpa, igbe, ihe n'ụlọ na housewares.

Polymer Chemistry na-enye ohere iji nweta ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ na eluigwe na ala Njirimara nke ihe, na-amasị nke nke dịghị n'etiti ọla ma ọ bụ n'etiti osisi ma ọ bụ iko.

Ihe Nlereanya nke polymeric ihe

Tupu anyị kwuru kpọmkwem na ngwaahịa si Polymers (ha na-agaghị ekwe omume ka depụta ihe niile, ukwuu nke ha di iche iche), mbụ ị mkpa ịghọta ihe na-enye polima. The ihe, nke na-enwetara site na Navy, na ga-abụkwa ihe ndabere maka ọdịnihu ngwaahịa.

Basic ihe mere si Polymers, bụ:

• plastik;
• polypropylenes;
• polyurethanes;
• polystyrene;
• polyacrylates;
• phenol formaldehyde resins;
• epoxy resins;
• Capron;
• viscose;
• nylons;
• polyester emep uta eri ;
• adhesives;
• film;
• tannins na ndị ọzọ.

Nke a bụ naanị a obere ndepụta nke ihe dị iche iche ọ na-enye n'oge a onwu. Ma, ebe a na-ama na ọ bụ doo anya ihe ihe na ngwaahịa na-mere si Polymers - fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ihe n'ụlọ, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ndị ọzọ na ebe (plastic windo, ọjà, kichin arịa, ngwaọrụ, ngwá ụlọ, ji egwuri egwu, ihe nkiri, wdg).

Polymers dị iche iche ubi nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ

Anyị na-ama otụk na ajụjụ nke ebe Polymers na-eji. Ihe Nlereanya egosi na ha dị mkpa na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, pụrụ ịkpata ndị na-esonụ:

• ngwa nke roba;
• antistatic coatings;
• akpa ọta;
• Ikpe nke fọrọ nke nta niile ezinụlọ ngwa;
• transistors;
• LEDs, na na.

E nweghị ndị na mmachibido iji nke polymeric ihe na fantasy n'ụwa taa.

polima mmepụta

Polymer. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Ọ fọrọ nke nta niile gbara anyị gburugburu. Olee ebe ha na-emepụta?

1. Petrochemical (ejegharịrị) ụlọ ọrụ.
2. Special osisi n'ihi na mmepụta nke polymeric ihe na ngwaahịa si ha.

Nke a bụ isi ihe ndabere na nke enwetara (synthesized) polymeric ihe.