Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: biography, photos, ruturu

Against ala okpomọkụ, nso zuru efu, ka elu-etoju, nke dị mkpa maka njikọ nke atọm nuclei - na bụ na nso nke ogologo oge ọrụ nke Academician Kapitsa. Ọ bụ ugboro abụọ a dike nke Socialist Labour na e ọdịda nke Stalin Nrite na Nobel.

nwata

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, onye biography ga-ọkọnọ n'isiokwu a, a mụrụ na Kronstadt na 1894. Nna-ya, Leonid Petrovich bụ a agha engineer na e kwere nkwa ọlụlụ na-ewu nke Kronstadt wusiri ike. Nne - Olga Ieronimovna - bụ a ọkachamara na akụkọ ifo na-ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Na 1905 Petya na-amụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma n'ihi ndị ogbenye na-enwe ọganihu (ọjọọ nyere Latin) nwata doo ya na a afọ. Mụọ n'ọdịnihu academician na-aga n'ihu na Kronstadt akwụkwọ. Ọ dechara ya ukpono 1912.

Studies na Mahadum

Ná mmalite, Pyotr Kapitsa (lee foto. N'okpuru ebe) zubere na-amụ physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ ngalaba nke St. Petersburg University, ma e nwere na-anapụghị. The nwa okorobịa kpebiri na-agbalị ya chioma "Polytechnic Institute", na chioma ihu ọchị ya. Peter debara aha electromechanical ngalaba. Ugbua na afọ mbụ ka a nkà nwa okorobịa na ọ dọtara uche nke Prọfesọ A. F. Ioffe na dọtara na-eto eto ka nnyocha na ya laboratories.

Army na agbamakwụkwọ

Na 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa gara Scotland maka a okpomọkụ ezumike. E enye akaduakde eme ha English. Ma First World, na nwa okorobịa ahụ enweghị ike ịlaghachi ụlọ na August. Na Petrograd, ọ bụ naanị na November.

Ná mmalite 1915, Peter wepụtara onwe na Western Front. Ọ a họpụtara na post of ụgbọ ihe mberede-akwọ ụgbọala. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ebugharị ya ụgbọala merụrụ ahụ.

Na 1916 ọ nọ na-demobilized, na Peter laghachi mahadum. Joffe ozugbo uploaded a nwa okorobịa na ibuo ọrụ physics laabu na dọtara isonye na ha onwe ha ahụ nzukọ ọmụmụ (akpa ke Russia). N'otu afọ Kapitsa bipụtara ya n'isiokwu mbụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ lụrụ Nadezhda Chernosvitova, bịa nwayi, na a so na Central Committee nke Cadet Party.

Na-arụ ọrụ na ọhụrụ Institute of Physics

Na 1918 A. F. Ioffe haziri Research Institute of Physics na mbụ na Russia. Pyotr Kapitsa, ruturu nke i nwere ike na-agụ dị n'okpuru, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na Polytechnic nke afọ a na ozugbo wee onye nkụzi.

Ọkaibe post-revolutionary ọnọdụ adịghị ekwe nkwa ihe ọma ọ bụla sayensị. Joffe enyere aka na-noo na-eso ụzọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Peter. Ọ gbara Kapitsa ahapụ Russia, ma ndị ọchịchị na-enyeghị ikike. Nyeere Maxim Gorky, mgbe ahụ na-ewere ndị kasị akpa dere. Peter e kwere ka na-ahapụ maka England. Obere oge tupu ọpụpụ Kapitsa na St. Petersburg akasiaha influenza. N'ihi na a ọnwa na-eto eto ọkà mmụta funahụrụ nwunye ya, nwa ọhụrụ nwa, otu nwa nwoke na nna.

Jobs na England

Na May 1921, Peter wee England dị ka akụkụ nke Russian Academy nke Sciences Committee on. Isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a na-eweghachiri na nkà mmụta sayensị agbatị, adọwa site agha na mgbanwe. Ọnwa abụọ gasịrị, na physics Pyotr Kapitsa biri na Cavendish Laboratory gawa site Rutherford. Ọ were nwa okorobịa ahụ na-adịghị adịte ọzụzụ. N'ime oge ahụ, engineering acumen na nnyocha nkà Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị mere a siri ike echiche na Rutherford.

Na 1922, Kapitsa doctorate na Cambridge University. Ya na nkà mmụta sayensị na ikike na-eto na geometric progression. Na 1923 ọ nọ na-ọdịda a mfọn Maxwell. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, a ọkà mmụta sayensị ghọrọ Deputy Director nke Laboratory.

ịlụgharị

Na 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa bi na Paris Krylov, onye ẹkenam ya nwa ya nwaanyị Anna. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ nwunye nke ọkà mmụta sayensị. Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ, Peter zụtara Huntington Road ebe ala na wuru a ụlọ. N'oge na-adịghị ebe a ga-egosi na ìhè nke umu-ya ndikom - Andrew na Sergey.

magnetik mmeri

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, onye biography na-niile mara na physics, ifịk ifịk na-aga n'ihu na-amụ Filiks nke mgbanwe nke nuclei na redioaktivu ire ere. Ọ na-abịa na a ọhụrụ echichi maka ọgbọ nke a ike ndọta ọkọbọ ndekọ results, 6-7 puku ugboro ukwuu karịa aga n'anya. Landau mgbe kpọrọ ya "magnetik n'ụwa onye mmeri."

Laghachi USSR

Site n'inyocha Njirimara nke ọla ke magnetik n'ubi, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa ghọtara mkpa ịgbanwe ibuo ọnọdụ. Achọ ala (jel) okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ na ubi nke ala okpomọkụ physics ọkà mmụta sayensị nke nwetara kasị ukwuu ịga nke ọma. Ma nnyocha na isiokwu, Peter Leonidovich ama nọrọ n'ụlọ.

The isi nke Soviet ọchịchị mgbe nile nyere ya a na-adịgide adịgide ebe obibi na USSR. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi mmasị dị otú ahụ a amaghị, ma ọ mgbe gosipụtawo a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnọdụ, ndị kasị mkpa nke - a njem gaa West dị ka chọrọ. The ọchịchị mere na-aga n'ihu.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1934, Kapitsa na nwunye ya letara Soviet Union, ma mgbe ha wee gaa England, ọ hụrụ na ha visa kagbuo. Mgbe e mesịrị, Anna e kwere ka ịlaghachi na ụmụ na-ewe ha ka Moscow. Rutherford na ndị enyi nke Peter m jụrụ ndị ọchịchị Soviet na-ekwe ka Kapitsa laghachi England ịnọgide. Ọ bụ ihe niile n'efu.

Na 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, a obere biography nke a na-niile mara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, edu Institute of Physical Nsogbu nke Academy nke Sciences. Ma tupu ị na-ekweta na nke a ọnọdụ, ọ choro ịzụta ngwá, nke na-arụ ọrụ ná mba ọzọ. Site na oge, Rutherford ama arụkwaghịm ọnwụ nke bara uru na-arụ na-ere ngwá si laabu.

Letter na Government

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (foto mmasị ka isiokwu) laghachi na mmalite nke Stalin purges. Ọbụna ndị a siri ike, ọ vehemently gbachiteere ya echiche. Ebe ọ maara na ihe niile na mba kpebie agadi management, ọ mgbe niile dere akwụkwọ ozi ná mgbalị na-arụ a eziokwu na kpọmkwem mkparịta ụka. Site na 1934 ruo 1983, na ọkà mmụta sayensị gara Kremlin n'ihi na ihe karịrị 300 akwụkwọ ozi. Site na aka nke Petr Leonidovich si n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na n'ogige a na-anapụta ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ọzọkwa ọrụ na ọ chọpụtara

Ihe ọ bụla na-eme gburugburu physics mgbe niile hụrụ oge na nkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ. On napụtara England ntọlite, ọ nọgidere na ya nchọpụta na ebe nke ike magnetik ubi. The nwere aka ọrụ si Cambridge. Ndị a nwere na-ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma na ndidi oké mkpa.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị jisiri melite tobaim unit, na ọ na-rụọ ọrụ nke ọma ka liquefy ikuku. The echichi adịghị achọ tupu jụrụ nke helium. Ọ na-akpaghị aka mma n'oge mgbasa na a pụrụ iche datendere. Dị otú ahụ jel echichi na-now-eji na ọ fọrọ nke nta na mba niile.

Na 1937, mgbe ọtụtụ nnyocha a na mpaghara Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel Nrite ọkà mmụta sayensị mgbe 30 afọ ga-ọdịda) mere a isi chọpụtara. Ọ chọpụtara onu nke superfluidity nke helium. The isi ọgwụgwụ nke na-amụ ihe na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 2,19 Celsius K offline viscosity. Ụdi afọ Petr Leonidovich chọpụtara ọzọ anomalous phenomena na helium. Ka ihe atụ, nkesa nke okpomọkụ na ya. N'ihi nke a na-eme nnyocha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ọhụrụ ntụziaka - physics nke kwantum mmiri.

Izere ihe e kere eke nke atọm bọmbụ

Na 1945, ndị Soviet Union ulo oru a omume ịzụlite ngwá agha nuklia. Pyotr Kapitsa, onye akwụkwọ na-ewu ewu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, jụrụ na-akụkụ na ya. N'ihi na nke a ọ na-ewepụ si na nkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ ma na-etinye mkpọrọ n'ụlọ ya ruo afọ asatọ. Dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị na-efunahụ nke ohere na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị ọrụ ibe. Ma Pyotr Leonidovich e mbà wee research kpebiri iji hazie a laabu na ya dacha.

Ọ nọ n'ebe ahu, na oge ochie ọnọdụ, sitere elu-ike electronics, nke ghọrọ ndị mbụ nzọụkwụ kwupụta anọ na ume irubere. Ma a na-fledged nwere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ike iji laghachi na mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya na 1955. Ọ malitere ịmụ elu-okpomọkụ plasma. Mere na oghere oge kpụrụ ndabere nke atụmatụ nke a ite chernobyl nke na-aga n'ihu ime ihe.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ya nwere nyere ọhụrụ kwalite creativity nke sayensị akụkọ ifo dere. Ha na-eche banyere-agbalị ime ka ọ bụla onye so dee. Peter Kapitza mụkwaara n'oge ahụ a fireball na hydrodynamics nke mkpa n'ígwé nke mmiri mmiri. Ma oké mmasị o tiri Njirimara nke plasma, na ngwa ndakwa nri generators.

Ịga mba ọzọ na Nobel Nrite

Na 1965, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa natara ọchịchị ikike iji gaa Denmark. N'ebe ahụ, ọ e ọdịda nke nrite ọlaedo nke Niels Bohr. The physics anya na obodo laboratories ma nye a okwu ihu ọha elu ume. Na 1969, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nwunye ya na mbụ gara United States.

Ke ufọt ufọt October 1978 na ọkà mmụta sayensị natara a telegram si Swedish Academy nke Sciences. The aha bụ aha ahụ e dere: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Nrite ". Physics nwere ya maka isi nnyocha na ubi nke ala okpomọkụ. Nke a bụ ozi ọma, "na-ejide elu" ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ na-ezuru na "Barvikha" nso Moscow.

Journalists onye weere ya N'ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ na-jụrụ, sị: "Olee nke bụ nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru ị na-atụle ihe ndị kasị mkpa?" Pyotr Leonidovich kwuru na ihe kasị mkpa maka a ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ya ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ. "Ya onwe ya, m na-eme ugbu a ite anọ na", - O kwukwara.

Kapitsa si nkuzi na Stockholm bụ ihe ọhụrụ na adịchaghị nnata. N'adịghị ka ụkpụrụ, o nyere a okwu ihu ọha na-na ala-na-okpomọkụ physics, ma banyere plasma na-achịkwa ite Jeremaya mere. Pyotr Leonidovich kọwara ihe mere nke a nnwere onwe. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụ ike ịhọrọ a isiokwu nke Nobel okwu ihu ọha. M merie ihe award maka nnyocha na ubi nke ala okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụghị aku ha n'ihi na ihe karịrị afọ 30. Na m na ulo akwukwo, n'ezie, na-inyocha nke isiokwu a, ma m Switched ọmụmụ nke usoro dị mkpa maka ite mmeghachi omume. M kwere na ugbu a ebe ọzọ na-akpali na mkpa, dị ka ihe ga-enyere na-agwa okwu na-eru ike nsogbu. "

Scientist nwụrụ na 1984, a dị nta n'ihu afọ 90 afọ ncheta. Ná mmechi, anyị na-ewetara ya kasị ama okwu.

e kwuru

"Human nnwere onwe nwere ike ịbụ nanị na ụzọ abụọ: ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ otú e si zụlite ha oyi na-aghọ nkọ."

"Man bụ eto eto dị ka ogologo oge na-eme enweghị isi ihe."

"Ị gaghị nsogbu atụle pseudoscience. Ma ha enweghị ude - ọ bụ n'ezie a pseudoscience. "

"Nkà onye maara ihe ọ chọrọ."

"Oke amamihe adịghị enye ịrị elu na oge, ma na oge a mụrụ ya."

"Iji nwee obi ụtọ, a onye ga-were ya na gị free."

"The onye nwere ọsọ. Naanị ikpughe bụghị a di na nwunye nke awa, na ruo ọtụtụ afọ. "

"Unu-ezochi, ma na-emesi ahụ na-emegiderịta. Ha na-eme ka mmepe nke sayensị. "

"Science ga mfe, na-adọrọ mmasị na fun. The otu na-emetụta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ".

"Aghụghọ dị mkpa mmewere nke a kwuo uche usoro, ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke na-aga n'ihu nyekwara na a ole na ole nke ndị mmadụ. Ọchịchọ nke ọtụtụ nanị na-akwụsị na-enwe ọganihu. "

"Life - ka a kaadị egwuregwu, na nke ị na-ekere òkè, n'amaghị iwu."