Rosalind Franklin: Biography, afọ nke ndụ, onyinye sayensị. Echefu Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - amamiihe British mmiri ọgwụ onye X-ray diffraction ọmụmụ nyere isi obibia nke Ọdịdị nke deoxyribonucleic acid na quantitatively enen nlereanya nke Watson - Crick. Ọ na-hụrụ na DNA ụmụ irighiri adị ihe karịrị otu ụdị.

Rosalind Franklin: nkenke biography, photos

Rosalind a mụrụ na London on July 25, 1920, nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ ise nke maara nke ọma Anglo-Jewish ezinụlọ. Nna ya, Ellis Franklin bụ a onye òtù ọlụlụ na "Keizer" akụ, otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ezinụlọ-nwe ụlọ ọrụ (ndị ọzọ nọ na-ekwusara "Routledge na Kegan Paul"). Ya na nwunye ya Muriel e ifịk ke ọrụ ebere ndị ọha na eze omume. Rosalind Franklin (foto ke ibuotikọ nyere n'okpuru) mụọ na St Paul Girls School, nke na-akwadebe na-agụsị akwụkwọ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọrụ, ma ọ bụghị nanị maka alụmdi na nwunye. Ọ ngwa ngwa na mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị, na-asụ asụsụ ọzọ (n'ikpeazụ ya nnọọ nke onye French, Italian na German). N'adịghị ọtụtụ polyglots, ọ nọ na-efunahụ ntị maka music. Gustav Holst, music director of St. Pọl School., Ozugbo hụrụ na Rosalind abụ abụ mma fọrọ nke nta ịdaba ụda. Franklin ezinụlọ mgbe ezumike na hiking njem, na njem bụ otu n'ime ya na ndụ agụụ mmekọahụ, tinyere ndị mba ọzọ njem.

Study na Cambridge

Dika nne-ya, ndụ m nile Rosalind maara kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-aga, na na iri na isi na ọ họọrọ sayensị dị ka isiokwu ya. Achọghị afọ ọzọ iji kwadebe maka na mahadum na 1938, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-aga Newnham, otu n'ime ụmụ nwaanyị abụọ na kọleji na Cambridge University. Na nna-ya adịghị, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị si azọrọ na ha na-emegide ya, n'ihi na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ pụrụ inwe ya bulie a ọzọ ọdịnala N'ezie. Na Cambridge, Franklin pụrụ iche na nke anụ ahụ onwu. Ya na-amụrụ afọ, nwere obere mere na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọtụtụ ndị nkụzi mgbe socha agha nnyocha. Ụfọdụ kwabatara (eg, biochemist Maks Peruts) e-ejide mba ọzọ. Na otu akwụkwọ ozi, Franklin kwuru na "ọ fọrọ nke nta niile Cavendish emi okụrede; n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ fọrọ nke nta na-agụ site na ndị Germany na gaghị adị ndụ. "

n'ihu

Na 1941, Rosalind Franklin natara a okokporo ogo, a mfọn otu afọ nke Grant na Department of Scientific na Industrial Research. O ji oge na laabu Norrish, a ma ama ọsụ ụzọ nke photochemistry. Na 1942, mgbe agha ahụ ka nọ na-aga, na Franklin ghaghị ikpebi ma ọ ga-omenala agha ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-eduzi nnyocha na ubi mkpa ka mkpa nke ndị agha na atụmanya nke a doctorate. Ọ họọrọ ikpeazụ, na okpomọkụ malitere-arụkọ ọrụ na ọhụrụ-haziri site na British coal research mkpakọrịta (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Biography nke ọkà mmụta sayensị

N'ime afọ anọ, Franklin arụ ọrụ na doo anya microstructure nke dị iche iche carbons na hydrocarbons, ịkọwa ihe mere ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọzọ permeable mmiri, gas na solvents, nakwa dị ka otú o si gbasa ndị kpo oku na carbonization. Na ha na-amụ, ọ gosiri na coal pores na molekụla larịị nwere mkpa mgbochi nke dịkwuo na kpo oku na iche iche dabere carbon ọdịnaya. Ha na-eme ka 'molekụla sieves ", successively igbochi penetration nke bekee, dabere na molekụla size. Rosalind Franklin bụ ndị mbụ mata na tụọ microstructure ndị a. Ya isi ọrụ na-ekwe ka were na icheku na elu kpomkwem ịkọ ọrụ ha. Njikọ Aka Franklin BCURA enye ya doctoral tesis. Ọ natara ya doctoral ogo na Cambridge na 1945, dere, sị ise na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ.

Akpụ akpụ na France

Mgbe agha, Rosalind Franklin malitere ịchọ ọrụ ọzọ. Ọ natara a post na Paris laabu Jacques Mering. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mụtara nyochaa coal iji X-ray analysis, na-anya maara na Usoro. Ya-arụ ọrụ na nkọwa zuru ezu nke ihe owuwu na-adịghị graphitized na graphitized carbons nyeere etolite ihe ndabere maka mmepe nke carbon eriri na ọhụrụ okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ihe me ka ọ mba ama n'etiti coal chemists. O chere obi ụtọ nke collegiate ọkachamara omenala nke Central Laboratory na hụrụ a otutu enyi.

Laghachi England

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnọọ obi ụtọ na France, ke 1949, Rosalind Franklin malitere ịchọ ọrụ n'ụlọ. Enyi ya Charlz Kolson, a n'ọnụ mmiri ọgwụ, tụrụ aro na ọ na-agbalị "X-ray diffraction ụzọ nke nchoputa" nke nnukwu ndu irighiri. Na 1950, ọ e ọdịda a afọ atọ mfọn Turner na Newell na-arụ ọrụ na Department of Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla na Eze College London. Randall zubere na Franklin ga crystallography Front ga-nyochaa protein. Otú ọ dị, na aro nke nnyemaaka Chief nke n'ụlọ ime nnyocha nke Maurice Wilkins, Randall jụrụ ya ime DNA nnyocha. Wilkins ka malitere na-arụ ọrụ na X-ray diffraction nke ụfọdụ unusually ọma samples nke ụmụ irighiri nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Ọ na-atụ anya na ha ga-arụkọ ọrụ na Franklin, ma nke a ọ na-ekwughị.

DNA picture

Deoxyribonucleic acid research aka naanị ya na gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-amụrụ Raymond Gosling. Mmekọrịta ya na Wilkins ahụhụ si na a enweghị nghọta (na ma eleghị anya nke obi nkoropụ Franklin collegiate mahadum omenala). Arụ ọrụ na Gosling, Rosalind na-aghọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche DNA X-ray foto, na ngwa ngwa chọpụtara na mmiri na akọrọ iche nke na-enye a kpamkpam dị iche iche foto. The mmiri n'ụdị gosiri a gburugburu Ọdịdị, na elu n'akụkụ nke bụ phosphates ribose ígwè. Ya mgbakọ na mwepụ analysis nke diffraction na akọrọ ala, Otú ọ dị, na-ekpughe ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị, ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị otu afọ na iji edozi esemokwu. Site na mmalite nke 1953 ọ bịara kwuo na abụọ forms abụọ spirals.

echefu Laureates

Ka ọ dịgodị, na Cavendish Laboratory na Cambridge, Frensis Krik na Dzheyms Uotson arụ ọrụ na usoro iwu ihe nlereanya nke DNA. Ghara ịbụ metụrụ Franklin na January 1953, ha mụtara ihe banyere deoxyribonucleic acid Ọdịdị na onye nke X-ụzarị, nke gosiri ha Wilkins, nakwa dị ka a nchịkọta nke ya bipụtara akwụkwọ na-gbara akwụkwọ na Medical Research Council. Watson na Crick gwaghị ya na ya hụrụ ya ihe onwunwe na kwetara ya na-ekere òkè ọrụ ha na n'akwụkwọ nke ya a ma ama ozi April ,. Mgbe e mesịrị Creek kwetara na na opupu ihe ubi nke 1953, Franklin bụ a nso n'ebe ahụ mmata nke ezi Ọdịdị nke DNA.

The ọmụmụ nke nje

Site na oge Franklin ka kwetara nyefee ya mfọn Laboratory nke Crystallography Bernal si Birkbeck College, ebe ọ gbakụtara ntị Ọdịdị nke osisi nje (eg, ụtaba Mozis). Rosalind mere ha ezi X-ray oyiyi, na-arụ ọrụ a ìgwè nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, bụ nke gụnyere n'ọdịnihu Nobel Laureate Aaron Klug. Ya diffraction analysis gosiri, gụnyere ndị ọzọ, na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe (RNA) virus e tinyere n'ime ya esịtidem echebe proteinaceous shei. Nke a gụnyere imekọ ihe ọnụ na ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha, karịsịa na US. Franklin mere abụọ ogologo njem na 1954 na 1956 na eguzobewo a netwọk nke kọntaktị gafee mba, gụnyere Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom na Uendellom Stenli. Ahụmahụ ya na a na ubi a ghọtara site Royal Institute ke 1956, mgbe ya director jụrụ ya iwu a ọnụ ọgụgụ nlereanya nke mkpanaka ekara na * Tụkwasị na nje maka World Science Ngosi 1958 na Brussels.

Ọrịa, ọnwụ, na ihe nketa

Na ọdịda 1956, Franklin a chọpụtara na - ovarian cancer. N'elu ọzọ 18 ọnwa, ọ wara e doro ihe e ndị ọzọ agwọ ọrịa. O nwere ihe ole na ole oge ngbaghara, n'oge nke ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na ya laabu, ma chọọ ego maka ya research otu. Rosalind Franklin, DNA Echefu Lady, akpa ke London on April 16, 1958.

N'oge ya 16 afọ ọrụ ọ bipụtara 19 na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ na coal na carbon-5 na DNA na 21 virus. Na-adịbeghị anya, ọ natara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ gburugburu ụwa. O yikarịrị ka ndị ọrụ na nje nwere ike akpatre wetara ọma kwesịrị ụgwọ ọrụ na ọkachamara ude nke Rosalind Franklin, ọrịa na ọnwụ nke gbochiri ya.

Ọrụ ke chọpụtara nke DNA Ọdịdị

Franklin si na nkà mmụta sayensị kpọkwara na coal onwu na Ọdịdị nke nje na-amụ bụ ndị dị ịrịba ama. Ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ matara nka na ndụ nakwa mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ma ndị kasị ọha ntị mere ka ọrụ ya na nchọpụta nke DNA owuwu. Crick, Watson na Wilkins-akọrọ ndị Nobel Nrite na 1962 maka physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine maka ọrụ ya na ihe owuwu nke deoxyribonucleic acid. Mgbe ahụ ọ dịghị onye chere na nke Rosalind.

Ya-arụ ọrụ na DNA, ikekwe ka ga-arahụ hụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na Watson na-adịghị akwa emo ya na ya memoirs na 1968, na-ebipụta n'okpuru aha "The Ugboro abụọ Helix". N'ebe ahụ, ọ ẹkenam "fun eziokwu" banyere Rosalind Franklin, gosiri n'okpuru aha Rose. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka ike ike, ndị nganga nwaanyị - "bluestocking", nke ekworo chekwaa ha data si ibe, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụghị ịkọwa na ha. Akwụkwọ ya bụ nnọọ ewu ewu, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị e sere na ya, gụnyere Crick, Wilkins na Laynus Poling, mkpesa nkọwa a, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nlebanye anya.

Na 1975, a enyi nke Rosalind Enn Seyr bipụtara a biography nwere iwe denials Watson ji okwu, na ọrụ nke Franklin na nchọpụta nke Ọdịdị nke DNA aghọwo ihe mara. Ọtụtụ isiokwu na akụkọ gbalịrị iji chọpụta n'ókè nke ya na-ekere òkè "ọsọ maka abụọ helix", mgbe mgbe, na-egosi ya dị ka a feminist martyr, napụ a Nobel Nrite misogynous ibe na ya n'oge ọnwụ. Otú ọ dị, ya abụọ ede akụkọ ndụ na Brenda Maddox kwuru na ọ bụ na-a caricature, nke bụ ikenenke izo onwe ya Rosalind Franklin, onyinye na sayensị ma ama mmiri ọgwụ na ya na-ghar na nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ.