Laynus Poling: biography, onyinye sayensị. Multivitamins Laịnọs Pauling na reviews banyere ha

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ama American mmiri ọgwụ Laynus Poling bụ. Biography nke ya mmasị ọ bụghị naanị ndị bi United States, ma ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, n'ihi na o nyochara vitamin - na-ewu ewu taa dietary Mmeju. Na m ga-asị, Laynus Karl Poling wee na-akpali ihe. Nke a bụ ihe ọkà mmụta sayensị, bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị na-eto eto nke abụọ Nobel Nrite, anyị Aga okwu taa.

Mmalite na nke nwata Laịnọs Pauling

Laynus Poling, a foto na biography na-adade ke isiokwu, a mụrụ na Portland, February 28, 1901 ka nwata ahụ na nna ya bụ a ọgwụ (nọchiri n'okpuru), na ya na nne - nwunye anaghị arụ ọrụ. Mgbe Laịnọs bụ 9 afọ, nna ya nwụrụ. N'ihi nke a, ezinụlọ ha na-ike na ihe onwunwe okwu.

Laynus ros napụrụ na echiche nwa. Ọ nwere ike na-ele ndị ogologo ụmụ ahụhụ, ma karịsịa dọtara Pauling mineral. Ya mmasị na dọtara ụwa nke gemstones. Nke a ahuhu maka crystal apụta mgbe ụfọdụ ma na okenye: ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ọtụtụ minerals, dabeere na nchepụta nke na o kere.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 afọ Pauling mbụ gara na chemical laabu. Ihe ọ hụrụ na e mere a nnukwu echiche na ya. Laịnọs kpebiri ime nwere ozugbo. Ọ biiri a "chemical" efere na kichin na nne ya, na ya onwe ya ụlọ aghọwo a ebe nnyocha.

College

Pauling ama gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na egbochighị ya gaa Oregon Agricultural College, mgbe e mesịrị ghọọ ndị University of Oregon. N'oge na-azụ Laịnọs kpọrọ mmasị chemical technology. Ná mgbede, ehihie na abalị na o nwere ike irite a oru. Pauling na-arụ ọrụ a ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-asacha efere, nakwa dị ka sorting akwụkwọ na-ebi akwụkwọ.

Laịnọs wee brilliantly. Prodigy chọpụtara nkụzi na a keobere nyere ya aka ịghọ onye nnyemaaka. Ebe ọ bụ na Pauling malitere-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ Department of quantitative Analysis. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye na osote na-arụzi ụgbọala, onwu na ihe.

Doctoral tesis, n'oge ọrụ ọkà mmụta sayensị

Laynus Poling ke 1922 ghọrọ Bachelor nke Science (Chemical Engineering). Na-arụ ọrụ na ya doctoral tesis, a kpọrọ ya na California Institute of Technology, emi odude ke Pasadena. Ọ brilliantly gbachiteere ọrụ ya na 1925.

Young ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere ime a ọrụ na Institute of Technology. Ọ ghọrọ onye osote prọfesọ na-ama na 1927, na-akpakọrịta prọfesọ na - na 1929. Na 1931, Pauling ama a prọfesọ nke onwu.

The ọmụmụ nke X-ray crystallography

N'oge a ọ na-enwekwu mkpa nkà na ubi nke X-ray crystallography. Laịnọs mfe ọgụgụ X-ụzarị, ọ bụrụ na ọ pụrụ idebe atọm Ọdịdị nke ihe onwe m anya. Ihe ọmụma a na nso ka agụmakwụkwọ ọdịdị nke chemical nkekọ - isi akụkụ mmụta maka a ndụ. O wee na-Europe, ebe ọ gara a maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta sayensị na Munich - Sommerfeld, na Zurich - E. Schrödinger na Copenhagen - Niels Bohr.

Theory hybridization (resonance)

Na 1928, Laịnọs mara ọkwa ya ozizi hybridization (iche iche - resonance Ozizi). Ọ bụ a ezigbo itunanya ke bughi onwu. N'oge a, ka na-anọgide unsolved nsogbu nke echiche nke ihe owuwu na Njirimara nke ogige na chemical usoro. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwetara iji a gbaara na-egosi a valence nkekọ, e nwere ọtụtụ nke na-ejighị n'aka. The eziokwu na nke bụ eziokwu na ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya atụmatụ mmasị na akwụkwọ.

N'oge na-adịghị anyị mkpa ọzọ e. Karịsịa, ma ọ bụrụ na njikọ ahụ bụ pola, ọ bụ Ọzọkwa akụ; ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ionic - on atọm Ọzọkwa etinye pluses na minuses. Otú ọ dị, nke a abụghị nnọọ aka. Ọ tụgharịrị na ihe zuru ezu image Njirimara na Ọdịdị nke a plurality nke ụmụ irighiri, karịsịa mgbagwoju, kwesịrị malitere ọtụtụ bughi formulas. Karịsịa ọ dị mkpa ka ise benzene. Ebe ọ bụ na onye ọ bụla a na-ewere iche iche, ọ dịghịkwa otu onye n'ime ha nwere ike kọwaa n'ụzọ ziri ezi Njirimara na Ọdịdị nke ahụ aromatic compound.

Pauling chọrọ echiche bụ na molekul bụ n'ihi resonance, ntụgharị na overlapping nke ọtụtụ owuwu. Mgbe ọ bụla nke ndị a owuwu karịsịa na-akọwa dị iche iche chemical Njirimara na molekụla Ọdịdị.

Na 1939 ọ pụtara ọrụ Laịnọs "The ọdịdị nke chemical nkekọ." Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji kwantum Ozizi dozie dị iche iche nsogbu sayensị. Nke a kwere ya ka ọ kọwaara a otutu ụfọdụ eziokwu si a n'otu usoro iwu ọnọdụ.

ọhụrụ nchoputa

Laynus Poling na nkera nke abụọ nke 1930s na-amụ ihe owuwu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-adabere resonance Ozizi. Ya weere dị ka-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, akpan akpan ha nwere ike inye ọgụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị mere a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nchoputa na ubi nke virology, ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ. Ka ihe atụ, ọ na-amụrụ haemoglobin molekul. Laynus Poling 1951, o bipụtara akpa nkọwa nke a atọ akụkụ molekụla Ọdịdị nke na-edozi (co-dere ya R. Korn). Ọ na-e nwetara site X-ray crystallography data.

Àgwà ndị ozizi Pauling na USSR

Pauling si Ozizi mere ka a oké ifufe na USSR. Na mba anyị, ka e merisịrị ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na kọmputa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na geneticists setịpụrụ banyere kwantum-arụzi ụgbọala, ma mgbe ahụ ghọrọ lekwasịrị nke NKVD na onwu. Ozizi resonance Pauling, nakwa dị ka ozizi mesomerism K. Ingold, kọrọ ya, ndị bụ isi zaa nke ọgụ. The Soviet Union kwuru na Pauling nnọchiteanya nke a n'ezie molekul dị ka nkezi n'etiti abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa oké nkịtị owuwu - kwuwe na bourgeois. June 11, 1951 ẹkenịmde All-Union ogbako nke nsogbu nke chemical Ọdịdị e weere. Mgbe a na omume, resonance ozizi e merie ya.

Nobel Nrite na ndị ọzọ rụzuru Pauling

Otú ọ dị, Iru Laịnọs ekele e inyocha ná mba ọzọ. Pauling na 1954 e nyere Nobel Nrite maka ya amụ ọdịdị nke chemical nkekọ, nakwa dị ka ya ngwa na-amụ owuwu nke ogige. Na na 1962 na ọkà mmụta sayensị natara award nke ugboro abụọ - ka a fighter udo.

Pauling bụ ya bụ akwụkwọ nke banyere 250 na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere pụrụ iche na ya omimi na mfe ọgụgụ na oge a na onwu. Na 1948, n'ihi na rụzuru na sayensị, ọ malitere na-edu American Chemical Society, na a họpụtara ka National Academy nke Sciences nke United States na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na nkà mmụta sayensị ọha mmadụ nke mba dị iche iche.

udo

Miri maara nke iguzogide iyi egwu ngwá agha nuklia na mmadu, Laịnọs malitere ifịk ifịk ibuso e kere eke nke ọhụrụ ngwá agha nuklia. Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ otu n'ime ndị initiators nke Pugwash ije. Pauling na 1957 gafere arịrịọ ka UN Secretary General, aka site na 11.021 ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anọchite anya 49 mba. Na akwụkwọ 1958 "Unu na-alụ agha!" Laynus Poling kwuru na ya pacifistic echiche.

Na June 1961 ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nwunye ya na-akpọ a ogbako na Norway (Oslo), nke bụ isiokwu nke nke - Iguzogide proliferation nke ngwá agha nuklia. N'agbanyeghị ọgwụgwọ Laịnọs na Nikita Khrushchev, na September nke otu afọ na Soviet Union maliteghachiri ule. Na na March nke na-esote afọ, ya na ndị United States. Mgbe ahụ ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere imezu radieshon nlekota nke radioactivity. Pauling kenyeworo ozi na larịị amụbawo site ọkara tụnyere gara aga ka afọ 16 na October 1962. Ọzọkwa, Pauling bụ a draft nkwekorita na ukpan nke ụdị ule. Na July 1963, ndị Soviet Union, na US na UK banyere ya.

Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị akwụsịla na-arụ ọrụ na California Institute of Technology na 1963 na malitere na-arụ ọrụ na ọha na eze research oru, emi odude ke Santa Barbara. Ebe ọ malitere ime ihe na nsogbu nke agha na udo. Laịnọs na-rụrụ a usoro nke nwere na ihe iyi egwu nke redioaktivu ofufe. Researchers hụrụ na redioaktivu ọcha ime ka leukemia, ọkpụkpụ cancer, thyroid cancer na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na Laịnọs dokwara ifịk ifịk katọrọ ogwe aka agbụrụ maka Soviet Union na US ọchịchị, ụfọdụ mgbanwe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ajụjụ iguzosi ike n'ihe ya na United States.

Na 1969, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum California, ebe rụrụ ya ọmụmụ ruo afọ abụọ. O mere ya iji mkpesa megide na-aga n'ihu Reagan, bụ gọvanọ nke California, muta iwu. Laịnọs malitere na-arụ ọrụ Stanford University prọfesọ.

Personal ndụ Pauling

Na 1922, a ọkà mmụta sayensị lụrụ a na-amụrụ na Oregon Agricultural College - Ava Helen Miller (foto ọ na-egosi n'okpuru). Ha nwere nwa nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke atọ. Na 1981, Ava Helen nwụrụ. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị Pauling biri na California na Big Sur ebe ha obodo ụlọ.

Orthomolecular ọgwụ Pauling

Pauling bụ a supporter na-akwalite na-akpọ orthomolecular na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ya kachasi mkpa idu ke eziokwu na ọgwụgwọ a rụrụ iji bekee bụ ugbu a na ahụ mmadụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na iji merie ihe karịrị otu ma ọ bụ ọzọ na ọrịa na mkpa ịgbanwe ya ịta n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ya Scientific na Medical Institute e hiwere na 1973 inyocha ụzọ na-emeso na igbochi ọrịa site na-ewe ndị chọrọ dose of minerals na vitamin. Pauling kweere na dị mkpa karịsịa na-eri ọtụtụ vitamin C. Na 1979 a akwụkwọ pụtara na ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ "Cancer na Vitamin C". Ọ na-e narrated na ascorbic acid enyere ịnagide nke a dị ize ndụ ọrịa. Laynus Poling "Vitamin C na runny imi" kere n'otu afọ. Ma ndị a na akwụkwọ zutere na mbuaha mmetụta na akụkụ nke dọkịta, ma na-ewu nnọọ ewu.

Nchọpụta nke ascorbic Acid

Vitamin Dr. Laịnọs Pauling ama mmasị na ndị agadi. Study of ascorbic acid na-ekwe omume nke na-adakarị ojiji nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị ji ikpeazụ afọ 30 nke ndụ ya, na ruo nkwubi okwu bụ na ojiji nke ya na nnukwu quantities nwere mmetụta dị mma n'ebe ahụ mmadụ.

Ozugbo, ọ ga-ahụ kwuru na onye ọ bụla nke vitamin agaghị azọpụta gị ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-edu na-adịghị mma si ebi ndụ. Ha nwere ike iji tụnyere oche eriri. Mgbe mmadụ na-na-yi, ọ dị nnọọ na-egbochi ya na ihe mberede, ma ọ dịghị ekwe nkwa a mma na-agba ịnyịnya. Vitamin na-na-na-enye anyị ndị ọzọ nchebe. Nkwenye nke ha na-eme - arụsi ọrụ ike na ogologo ndụ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị ka Laynus Poling. Vitamin C, na O were na ego nke 18 grams kwa ụbọchị, na vitamin E (tocopherol) - 800 IU, malite na asaa afọ iri. Laịnọs bụ ike ndụ ruo 93 afọ! Na 1994, Laynus Poling nwụrụ. Brief biography nke ya na-atụ aro na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site na a oké ọrịa.

Site n'ụzọ, ọbụna ilu na-emegide nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekweta na ascorbic acid bụ bara uru n'ihi na ike. Arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ a na ya nke ukwu underway ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nke kwesịrị iwere.

Gịnị ọnụ ọgụgụ?

Academy nke Sciences na-atụ aro na ihe okenye nwoke kwa ụbọchị oriri nke 60 mg nke vitamin C. The Russian ụkpụrụ iche iche dabere na afọ, mmekọahụ na ọrụ nke onye. N'ihi na ndị mmadụ na ọ bụ 60-110 mg n'ihi na ndị inyom - 55-80. Na ndị a buru ibu na-abughi nke hypovitaminosis (ọbara ọgbụgba goms, ike ọgwụgwụ) ma ọ bụ scurvy. Ndị mmadụ na-na-eri ihe karịrị 50 mg nke ascorbic acid kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ, e nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke oge agadi na 10 afọ mgbe e mesịrị ka ndị ọzọ.

Vitamin Laịnọs Pauling

Nzaghachi on ha were na-abịa site n'ụwa nile. Vitamin na-ewusi dịghịzi usoro, nye ezigbo anya, a elekọta vivacity na ume, dị ka ndị mmadụ na-ekwu. Ha na-aghọ esiwanye na-ewu ewu dị ka a dietary emeju. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị dị otú ahụ a mgbagwoju na-emepụta taa, dị ka ndị "Super Multi-Vitamin" Dr. Laịnọs Pauling. Ọ mejupụtara karịrị 40 vitamin, herbal mmiri, minerals, eze jelii. Nke ikpeazụ nwere immunostimulating na mgbochi mkpali Njirimara, na-enwekwu ndị na-ahụ ha na ụbụrụ arụmọrụ. Multivitamins Laịnọs Pauling-atụ aro ka a na-ewusi ike n'ụlọnga. Nke a mgbagwoju bụ ihe ọzọ isi iyi nke mineral na vitamin.