Russian nkà ihe ọmụma tupu mmalite nke XIX narị afọ

Russian nkà ihe ọmụma a mụrụ na onodu nke Eastern Slavic Christian nkà mmụta okpukpe echiche. Ọ nwere ike na-ekewa oge site na XI na Asaa na narị afọ, mgbe nke na-abịa oge nke Russian Enlightenment (Asaa-XVIII narị afọ), na n'ikpeazụ, nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ndị kasị ama na nyere ụwa ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama aha. Bu ụzọ na narị afọ nke nọgidere undeservedly echefughị, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na-adọta ukwuu anya. Otú ọ dị, oge a-akpali nnọọ mmasị.

Ọ bụ ezie na mbụ Russian nkà ihe ọmụma na-ike-enwe mmetụta Byzantine nkà mmụta okpukpe, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ enwe ike ịzụlite ya Ntụpụta elo asụsụ na ihe nkwubi okwu. Ihe atụ nke a bụ maara nke ọma "Okwu Iwu na amara" Metropolitan Illariona, dere XI narị afọ - nkọwa OT, gụnyere a "ìhè" echiche ememe na "ọchịchịrị"; na "Ntụziaka" Vladimir Monomakh nke XII narị afọ, nke bụ ụkpụrụ omume nke ndị nkịtị (ezi ọrụ, penance na almsgiving). "Nna despotism" e mepụtara. Na Middle Ages, dị ka ụwa ghọtara Chineke kere, bụ ndị mere na gburugburu eziokwu na-aghọta ka ihe arena nke esiri amara na aghụghọ nke ekwensu.

Russian okpukpe ụbụrụ na-aghọ zara ndị Greek hesychasm nke reflections on "nkịtị, echiche ekpere." Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ na nke mbụ mere ka nsogbu nke onye na Russian nkà ihe ọmụma. E a ozizi nke ike n'ezi ihe nke mmadụ, kwuru site ecstatic, na analysis of ya agụụ mmekọahụ ya na mmehie nke "kachasi mkpa" na "ume" na "Chineke na-mara site na ihe e kere eke, ya mere, onye ahu - n'obi." Ikodu ke Russia na gbapụrụ iche Christian ọkà ihe ọmụma, na ọbụna dum ije, a na-akpọ "ndị jụrụ okwukwe" - Strigolniki, nke na-jiri ya tụnyere Western Cathars na ndị òtù Waldo, ma ndị na-abụghị nwe, nke, n'aka, ghọrọ ibe European ndozigharị okwukwo.

Ebe ọ bụ na oge nke Ivana Groznogo Russian nkà ihe ọmụma na-ewe ke a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agwa. Nke a nwere ike hụrụ si mmekorita nke eze na ndị enyi-iro nke Prince Kurbsky. Nnọchianya ya na-amalite na-ekwu okwu banyere nkà na ụzụ nke na-achị achị na nkà nke ọchịchị, na mkpa maka "opekaniya" ndị mmadụ site na (nzuzo) State Council. Ya geopolitical elu ya ruru na ntụziaka nke odide nke Abbot Philotheus, nke na-ezo aka Russia dị ka atọ Rome, "na-anọ na-abụ nanị ya." E nwekwara ego nkà ihe ọmụma ziri ezi na-akparaghị ókè autocracy dị ka Ivan Peresvetov na Ermolay Erazm. Onyeisi Nikon gbalịrị were ime mmụọ ike karịrị ego, "ndị Latin n'ụzọ", na Yuri Krizanic akpọ maka ịdị n'otu nke ndị Slav megide Grik na nke German iyi egwu.

Russian nkà ihe ọmụma, nke N'ezie, chere mmetụta nke Western European na ọbụna ụtọ nke ejiji n'oge nsogbu, n'ihi na ihe atụ, banyere mmekọrịta na Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie na omenala. Nke a bụ ahụkarị ndị ọgwụgwụ nke na Asaa na XVIII narị afọ, mgbe e nwere Renaissance ego eche echiche. Mbụ, n'oge ahụ e kere eke na-enwe ọganihu nke Moscow University, ebe ozizi malitere agbanwe site Latin na Russian. E a dum galaxy nke ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Enlightenment, dị ka Feofan Prokopovich, Stefan Jaworski, Shcherbakov, Kozelskiy, Tretyakov, Anichkov, Baturin, bụ ndị mere ka ya onwe ya na-anwa synthesize ọcha nke oge ochie ma Christian omenala.

Russian nkà ihe ọmụma ndị Enlightenment nwere ike ịbụ mpako nke ndị dị otú a nnọchiteanya ka Mikhail Lomonosov. N'ịbụ onye nke umeala n'obi si malite, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na St. Petersburg Academy na ghọrọ a ezi polymath, dere, sị a nọmba nke ọrụ, sitere na site na-arụzi ụgbọala, physics na Ngwuputa na-agwụcha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndetu nke "ichebe na ibu nke ndị Russia." Ọ na-akọrọ ọtụtụ-aga n'ihu n'ihi na ya oge, anya na sayensị, gụnyere ụkpụrụ nke "ndị na-abụghị nnyonye anya" nke nkà mmụta okpukpe na physics nke eke nkà ihe ọmụma, nke okwu na ike ndọda, adabereghị uche Chineke, na "iwu okike" na Ọdịdị nke ihe ụwa "nke corpuscles" (nke bụ atụmanya nke atọm ozizi molekuryarnoy Ọdịdị nke eluigwe na ala), na na. Lomonosov mmasị echiche nke Giordano Bruno na plurality nke ụwa ma na-aghọta iwu nche-kwa nke okwu na ume. N'ịbụ a nwoke toro ọgụgụ isi, ọ hapụrụ ụmụ ya a oké ndụmọdụ, sị: "Ahụmahụ nke ihe karịrị otu puku echiche, ma neumeyuschih ihe echiche, ahụmahụ abaghị uru."