The atọm icebreaker "Lenin". Russian nuclear icebreakers

Russia - a na obodo na a n'ókèala sara na Arctic. Otú ọ dị, ha na mmepe bụ-agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị a dị ike nsoro, nke na-enye ohere ala igodo na oké ọnọdụ. N'ihi na ndị a na nzube, na ụbọchị nke na-Russian Alaeze Ukwu a ole na ole icebreakers e wuru. Na mmepe nke teknụzụ kwadebe ha ọzọ oge a engines. N'ikpeazụ, nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker "Lenin" e wuru na 1959. Na oge nke ya inception, ọ bụ ụwa na ndi nkiti na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na a nuclear chernobyl, nke nwekwara ike ịbụ na oké osimiri na-enweghị refueling maka 12 ọnwa. Ya anya ke akwa Arctic budata dịkwuo oge nke igodo na na Northern Sea Nsoro.

prehistory

The ụwa mbụ icebreaker e wuru na 1837 na US obodo nke Philadelphia, e bukwa n'obi mbibi nke ice cover na obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Mgbe afọ 27 na Russian Alaeze Ukwu ship "Pilot" e kere, nke na-eji maka na-eduzi ụgbọ mmiri na site na ice na a na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ebe. Ebe ya na nrigbu aghọwo St. Petersburg oké osimiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Dịtụ e mesịrị, na 1896, na England kere mbụ osimiri icebreaker. Ọ na-e nyere site na Ryazan-Ural Railway Company na e ji mee ihe na Saratov ịgafe. Around n'otu oge ahụ, e nwere mkpa maka mmejuputa iwu ibu njem n'ime ime obodo ebe nke Russian n'ebe ugwu, nke mere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 na-ano Armstrong Whitworth e wuru mbụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụwa na-arụ ọrụ na Arctic ọnọdụ, a na-akpọ "Ermak". Ọ zụrụ mba anyị, ma a akụkụ nke Baltic Fleet ruo 1964. Ọzọ ma ama ship - na icebreaker "Krasin" (ruo 1927 mụụrụ aha "Svyatogor") abuana ke Arctic convoys n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ke adianade do, mgbe oge site 1921 na 1941. Baltic ano wuru asatọ arịa ndị bụ maka na ime ihe na Arctic.

Mmalite icebreaker: Njirimara na Description

Icebreaker "Lenin", nke e zitere na a ezumike ke 1985, taa ghọọ a ngosi nka. Ogologo ya bụ 134 m, obosara - 27,6 m, na elu - 16.1 m na a Ndahie nke 16 tọn. The arịa abụọ nuclear reactors na-arụnyere anọ tobaim na a ngụkọta ikike 32.4 megawatts, adịru ọ bụ ike ịkwaga na a ọsọ nke 18 mara akpụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe mbụ icebreaker e onwem na abụọ onwe ẹdude ike osisi. All ọnọdụ e kere nakwa na osisi maka a nke ọma na ọnụnọ nke ndi oru ugbo n'ime ọnwa Arctic njem ndị mmadụ merela.

Ònye kere mbụ nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker USSR

Ọrụ na a ndi nkiti na arịa, onwem na a nuclear engine, ya a ghọtara dị ka a karịsịa ọrụ a chọrọ. Mgbe niile, ndị Soviet Union, ihe ndị ọzọ, mkpa ngwa ngwa ihe atụ ọzọ na egosi nzọrọ na "socialist atọm" bụ a udo na okike. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ dịghị onye nwere obi abụọ na-eme n'ọdịnihu isi mmebe nke nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker kwesịrị nwere ọtụtụ ahụmahụ na-ewu arịa nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na Arctic. Na ọnọdụ ndị a, e kpebiri ekenye a ùgwù VI Neganova. Nke a ma ama mmebe tupu agha e ọdịda nke Stalin Nrite maka imewe nke mbụ Soviet Arctic icebreaker akara. Na 1954, a họpụtara ya isi mmebe nke nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker "Lenin" ma malite ịrụ ọrụ ọnụ na I. I. Afrikantovym tasked na-elekwasị anya na-eke ihe atọm engine a arịa. Ọ ga-kwuru na ma ndị Constructor ọkà mmụta sayensị brilliantly nagide ha aga-eme, n'ihi na nke ha na-ọdịda nke aha dike nke Socialist Labor.

Gịnị tupu e kere eke nke mbụ Soviet nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker

The mkpebi na-amalite ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke mbụ Soviet nuclear-kwadoro okpuru mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na Arctic ọnọdụ e gafere site Council nke Ozi na November 1953. Na echiche nke pụrụ iche na atụmatụ nke ihe aga-eme, e kpebiri wuo layout nke engine ụlọ nke ụgbọ mmiri nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'ime ugbu uru ọ na-eme layout ngwọta na-emepụta. Ezere mkpa ọ bụla alterations ma ọ bụ ntụpọ n'oge na-ewu na na arịa. Ke adianade do, tupu ndị na-emepụta, e mere ndị mbụ Soviet nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker, e tasked iji kpochapụ ihe ọ bụla nwere ike nke ahu ihe mmebi site ice, otú a pụrụ iche elu-ike ígwè e kere na "Prometheus" ama na ulo akwukwo.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ewu nke icebreaker "Lenin"

Kpọmkwem na-arụ ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ malitere na 1956 na Leningrad shipbuilding Plant. André Marty (na 1957 ọ renamed Admiralty Plant). N'otu oge ụfọdụ nke ya pụrụ iche na usoro na mmiri e mere na zukọtara na osisi ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, tobaim e arụpụtara site Kirov osisi, propulsion Motors - na Leningrad osisi "Electrosila", na isi tobaim generators bụ n'ihi ọrụ nke Kharkov Electromechanical Plant ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na launching nke ụgbọ mmiri wee ebe na mmalite nke ini etuep ke 1957, n'ịnyịnya naanị nuclear osisi ke 1959, mgbe nke ahụ nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker "Lenin" e zigara Itie oké osimiri ọnwụnwa.

Ebe ọ bụ na ụgbọ ahụ n'oge a pụrụ iche, ya bụ isiokwu nke mba mpako. Ya mere, n'oge na-ewu na ụdi ule ya gosipụtaworo ugboro ugboro elu mba ọzọ ọbịa dị ka òtù nke Chinese ọchịchị, nakwa dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ ndị nwere n'oge ahụ Prime Minister nke Great Britain na US Vice President.

arụmọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme

N'oge navigation mpụta mbụ nke mbụ Soviet nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker enwe ihe magburu onwe aha site na-egosi ihe ndị magburu onwe arụmọrụ, na ọtụtụ ihe, ọnụnọ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a arịa dị ka akụkụ nke Soviet Navy nyeere ịgbatị igodo oge nke a izu ole na ole.

Mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị mmalite nke ọrụ, e kpebiri iji dochie ochie trehreaktornuyu nuclear echichi na a abụọ-chernobyl. Mgbe upgrading ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na-arụ ọrụ, na n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1971, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ nuclear-kwadoro elu arịa, nke nwere ike gafere North osisi nke Earth site. Site n'ụzọ, na trofi nke njem bụ na polar bear, nyere otu nke Leningrad Zoo.

Dị ka ekwuola, na 1989 "Lenin" ọrụ e dechara. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ mụọ nke Soviet nuclear icebreaker nsoro na-egwu na nchefu. Nke bụ eziokwu na ọ nọ na-etinye na ndu ebighi-adọba ụgbọala na Murmansk, haziri on board ngosi nka ebe ị pụrụ ịhụ na-akpali ngosi na mmepe nke nuclear icebreaker nsoro nke USSR.

Ihe ọghọm na "Lenin"

N'ihi na afọ 32, ruo mgbe mbụ nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker USSR bụ iji, abụọ mberede mere na ya. Onye mbụ mere na 1965. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, e ikpe mebiri emebi chernobyl isi. Iji kpochapụ ndị na-esi ihe mberede, ụfọdụ n'ime mmanụ ụgbọala e debere na plavtehbazu, na ndi fọduru ibutu na enịm ke a akpa.

Ma nke abụọ ahụ, mgbe ahụ, na 1967 na ọ e debara aha arịa oru pesonel igba na mmetụta dị aṅaa nke atọ chernobyl circuit. N'ihi ya, ọ dị mkpa iji dochie dum ogige atọm icebreaker na mebiri emebi ngwá towed na sunk na Gulf of Tsivolki.

"Arctic"

N'ime oge ahụ, maka mmepe nke a otu mbara Arctic bụ obere atọm icebreaker. Ya mere, ndị na-ewu a abụọ yiri ship na oru na 1971. Ha bụ "Arctic" - nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker, nke mgbe ọnwụ Leonida Brezhneva malitere ibu aha ya. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ nke perestroika aha mbụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ lọta, ọ na-eje ozi n'okpuru ya ruo mgbe 2008.

Nka na ụzụ e ji mara nke abụọ Soviet nuclear-kwadoro

"Arctic" - nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker, nke bụ nke mbụ na elu arịa, jisiri iru North osisi. Ke adianade do, ya oru ngo mbụ webatara ike ngwa ngwa tọghata ship agha ugbo agha inyeaka, ike nke na-arụ ọrụ na arctic ọnọdụ. Nke a ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ekele eziokwu na mmebe nke nuclear icebreaker "Arktika", ọnụ na-arụ ọrụ otu nke injinia na oru ngo, na-enye ụgbọala maka ụba ike, nke na-enye ohere ya iji merie ice ọkpụrụkpụ ruo 2.5 m. Banyere arịa size, ha na-eme na 147,9 m ogologo na 29.9 m n'obosara, na a Ndahie na 23.460 tọn. Na nke a, mgbe ahụ ka ụgbọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, na kacha oge nke ya kwurula navigation bụ 7.5 ọnwa.

Class icebreakers "Arctic"

N'etiti 1977 na 2007 na Leningrad (nke e mesịrị St. Petersburg) Baltic osisi e wuru ise nuclear-kwadoro ụgbọ mmiri. All ndị a arịa e mere dị ka "Arctic", na taa ha abua - "Yamal" na "Afọ 50 nke Victory" nọgide na-kpuchie ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ ke akwa ice na North osisi nke Earth. Site n'ụzọ, na icebreaker akpọ "Afọ 50 nke Victory" na oru na 2007 na bụ ikpeazụ emepụta Russia na kasị nke ẹdude icebreakers na ụwa. Ma ihe ndị ọzọ atọ n'ogige nile, otu onye n'ime ha - "ndị Soviet Union" - ugbu a n'okpuru nwughari. Laghachi n'ohu ya atụmatụ na 2017. N'ihi ya, "Arctic" - nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker, oruru nke nke bụ mmalite nke oge na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian nsoro. Ọzọkwa, imewe eji na ya imewe mkpebi mkpa taa, afọ 43 mgbe ya e kere eke.

Class icebreakers "Taimyr"

Ma e wezụga n'ihi icebreakers na Arctic na Soviet Union, na mgbe ahụ na Russia na a chọrọ ka ụgbọ mmiri na a draft nke nke e zubere maka wiring ụgbọ mmiri n'ọnụ Siberia osimiri. Nuclear icebreakers Soviet Union (mesịrị Russia) nke ụdị - "Taimyr" na "Vaigach" - e wuru na otu n'ime shipyards na Helsinki (Finland). Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-emi odude ke akụrụngwa, gụnyere ike osisi, anụ ụlọ mmepụta. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị a nuclear-kwadoro arịa ka ejie isi na osimiri, ha ịkpali nke 8.1 m na a Ndahie nke 20.791 tọn. N'oge, Russian nuclear icebreakers "Taimyr" na "Vaigach" nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ná North Sea Nsoro. N'oge na-adịghị, Otú ọ dị, ha ga-mkpa ịgbanwe.

Icebreakers ụdị Lk-60 M

Court ike nke 60 MW, onwem na a nuklia ike osisi, malite na-mepụtara na mba anyị kemgbe mmalite 2000s, dabere na pụta nwetara na ime nke "Taimyr" na ụgbọ mmiri "Arctic". Designers nyere ohere ịgbanwe draft nke ọhụrụ arịa, nke ga-ekwe ka ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè na-emighị emi ma mmiri. Ke adianade do, ọhụrụ icebreakers na-enwe ike ịkpali ọbụna na ice ọkpụrụkpụ site 2.6 na 2.9 m. Total atụmatụ iwuru atọ dị otú ahụ arịa. Na 2012, na Baltic ano tọrọ mbụ nuclear-kwadoro okpuru mmiri nke usoro isiokwu a, nke a na ndokwa ịmalite ime ihe na 2018.

Atumatu olu ọhụrụ na klas nke ọkaibe Russian icebreakers

Dị ka a maara, mmepe nke Arctic mere a mkpa ihe aga-eme n'ihu mba anyị. Ya mere, ugbu a n'okpuru mmepe nke imewe akwụkwọ maka ọhụrụ na klas icebreaker Lk-110YA. Ọ na-na-eche na ndị a oké ọrụ arịa ga-ike nile si nuclear uzuoku amụba osisi na ike nke 110 MW. Na nke a, na moto ụgbọ mmiri ga-atọ anọ bladed propela na ofu pitch. Ndị isi uru, nke ga-enwe a ọhụrụ nuclear icebreakers Russia ga-aghọ nke ha ụba ice-kpuchie, nke a na-atụ anya ga-erughị 3.5 m, ebe ụgbọ mmiri na-ejikwara taa, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adịghị karịa 2.9 m. N'ihi ya, ndị na-emepụta na-ekwe nkwa inye afọ-gburugburu navigation na Arctic tinyere Northern Sea nsoro.

Dị ka ọ dị na nuclear icebreakers na ụwa

Dị ka anyị maara, ndị Arctic na-ekewa n'ime ise ndi, nke Russia, na USA, Norway, Canada na Denmark. Ndị a otu mba, dị ka nke ọma dị ka Finland na Sweden nwere ndị kasị ibu icebreaking nsoro. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya, ebe na-enweghị ndị a ụgbọ mmiri na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ebu akụ na ụba na-eme nnyocha ihe aga-eme n'etiti pola ice okpu, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta nke okpomọkụ n'ụwa, ha na-aghọ ndị ọzọ anya kwa afọ. N'otu oge ahụ, niile ugbu a ẹdude nuclear icebreakers nke ụwa nke mba anyị, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ndú na mmepe nke na-emeghe oghere na Arctic.