The Bretton Woods usoro: otú ọ niile malitere

A ụfọdụ nso nke ọkachamara maara na ogologo oge tupu e nwere Bretton Woods usoro, na mbara ala bụ oge nke gold ọkọlọtọ, mgbe pound nwere ike kpamkpam gbanwere gold. Britain n'oge ahụ a siri ike na-achị ụwa, otú ahụ nwere ike imeli otú ahụ arụmọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe gbanwere ke 1914, mgbe n'oge 1st World War na ego arena wee US ego, nke ahụ agbasawo North na Latin America.

Na 1922, ndị gbalịrị ike a idobere ego na gold ọkọlọtọ na ndabere nke tupu agha ụdị. Na 1925, England ewebata ndị gold ọkọlọtọ n'ihi na pound, chekwaa gold na idobere ego (US dollar). Otú ọ dị, na 1929, na America na e nwere a okuku na ngwaahịa mgbanwe, na 1931 egwu malitere na London ego ahịa, nke akpatre were a pound a esote mgbe dollar. Na 1931, 1933 na UK na USA karị na-kagburu gold ọkọlọtọ, ie, mgbanwe udu malitere sere n'elu, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọdịnihu Forex usoro. Mbọ ike a gold kọnvatịbụl ego mba Europe dara (na 1936, ndị ida nke "Golden Block", nke gụnyere a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mba, gụnyere France, na Netherlands na ndị ọzọ.).

Site na njedebe nke forties nke narị afọ nke 20 n'ihi na ego ọdụdọ nke zitere na World War II, na ụwa na e nwere mkpa maka buu mmelite nke ego usoro. Na na banyere nke a, Bretton Woods ogbako, na nke e kpebiri ejigidesikwa ego nke 44 mba na dollar, na dollar e nwere na 1944 - na gold na ọnụego nke $ 35 kwa Troy ounce (31.1034 grams). Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, US ghọrọ ọchịchị kasị ike nke ụwa gold, nke nyere na mba ndị isi n'ihi na ụwa na-edu ndú. Na December 1944, ndị Bretton Woods usoro malitere ya ọrụ.

Na na ogbako na 1944 ọ e mere ndokwa maka oruru nke òtù abụọ ahụ ga-ebu nlekọta ọrụ, na-enye ndị mba - sonyere nke nkwekọrịta pụtara maka stabilization nke mba ego. Ndị a bụ ndị International Monetary Fund na International Bank maka nwughari na Development. The Bretton Woods usoro envisaged ka ndị ikpeazụ ngwá ọrụ mba na mba ịkwụ ụgwọ na-anọgide na-gold na anụ ụlọ ego ahịa kpamkpam, na mba ego nwere a ofu ọnụego na dollar, dị ka Central anoghi n'ulo oba ịnọgide na-enwe a na ọnụego (+ - 1 pasent).

Otú ọ dị, site na ufọt ufọt 70 gold mee na redistributed na ego ndị ọzọ emmepe (Europe, Asia), ma si otú a gbajiri Triffin si Theorem na nke nke ego a ga-ntukwasi megide gold mee nke mba ahụ, nke mere na nke a nke. The Bretton Woods usoro malitere ida ya mkpa, nke Noa ntule, volatility nke mba ọzọ mgbanwe ọtùtù nke obodo, ego nsogbu na 1967. Nke a na-emepụta na preconditions maka mgbanwe nke ẹdude ụwa ego usoro, nke United States ọtụtụ afọ nke support site na ike nke ogwe aka, dị ka gold mee, Ẹkot ka emission dollar, ha nwere ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ebe ahụ.