The chemical nzukọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ: organic bekee, macro- na microelements

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19 na ọ kpụrụ a alaka nke usoro ndu na-akpọ n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ. Ọ na-amụ chemical mejupụtara nke ihe dị ndụ. The isi ọrụ nke sayensị - ọmụma nke peculiarities nke metabolism na ume, inye iwu dị mkpa na ọrụ osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

The echiche nke chemical mejupụtara nke mkpụrụ ndụ

Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọtụtụ nchọpụta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chemical nzukọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ a mụwo na chọpụtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ekewet nke karịa 85 chemical ọcha. Na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-achọrọ maka fọrọ nke nta niile ntule, ebe ndị ọzọ na-kpọmkwem na-eme kpọmkwem umu. A atọ ìgwè nke chemical ọcha ugbu ke sel nke microorganisms, osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na-zuru ezu obere obere. Chemical ọcha nke cell na-enwekarị ụdị cations na anions nke ịnweta nnu na mmiri na-guzobere, na organic carbon ogige na-synthesized: carbohydrates, ndi na-edozi, lipids.

organogenic ọcha

Na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ, ndị a na-agụnye Carbon, nwụrụ, Oxygen na nitrogen. Ha set bụ na a cell nke 88 na 97% nke ndị ọzọ chemical ọcha ugbu a na ya. Mkpa karịsịa bụ carbon. All na organic bekee na ihe ndị mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ iso nke ụmụ irighiri nwere carbon ya mejupụtara atọm. Ha nwere ike interconnected na-etolite a yinye (branched na unbranched), nakwa dị ka cycles. Ikike a carbon atọm underlies pụtara ìhè di iche iche nke organic bekee gụnyere ke cell cytoplasm na organelles.

Ka ihe atụ, esịtidem ọdịnaya nke cell mejupụtara a soluble oligosaccharide, hydrophilic edozi, lipids, iche iche na ụdị RNA: nyefe RNA, ribosomal RNA na ozi RNA, nakwa dị ka free monomers - nucleotides. Ndị dị otú ahụ a chemical mejupụtara nwere a cell ntọala. Ọ na-nwere a molekul nke deoxyribonucleic acid, a akụkụ nke chromosomes. All nke n'elu ogige bụ ya mejupụtara atọm nke nitrogen, carbon na oxygen, nwụrụ. Nke a bụ ihe àmà nke ha otu dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na a chemical nzukọ nke cell na-adabere na ọdịnaya nke biogenic ọcha na-eme ka cellular owuwu: hyaloplasm na organelles.

Macronutrients na ha pụtara

Chemical ọcha, nke na-nnọọ nkịtị ke sel nke dị iche iche iche nke ntule, n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ a na-akpọ macronutrients. Ha ọdịnaya na cell bụ 1.2% - 1.9%. Site macroelements mkpụrụ ndụ na-agụnye: site, potassium, chlorine, sọlfọ, magnesium, calcium, ígwè na sodium. All n'ime ha nwere mkpa ọrụ ma na-akụkụ nke ndị dị iche iche cell organelles. N'ihi ya, ferrous ion bụ ugbu ke ọbara protein - haemoglobin, nke na-eburu oxygen (nke ikpe a na-akpọ oxyhaemoglobin), carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ion enye mkpa ụdị intercellular iga: a na-akpọ sodium-potassium mgbapụta. Ha na-bụ akụkụ nke interstitial ọmụmụ na ọbara plasma. Magnesium ion ugbu a na chlorophyll ụmụ irighiri (photopigment elu osisi) na na-aka na usoro nke na photosynthesis, nakwa dị ka ụdị mmeghachi omume emmepe na ọnyà photons nke ìhè ike.

Calcium ion enye conduction nke akwara pulses tinyere emep uta eri na ndị isi akụrụngwa nke osteocytes - ọkpụkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Calcium ogige ẹtara n'ụwa invertebrate anụmanụ onye shells na-ekewet nke calcium carbonate.

Chloride ion na-abuana ke recharging cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye onye ahụ nke eletriki pulses nke kpatara nural mmalite.

The sọlfọ atọm bụ akụkụ nke nwa afọ protein na ime ka ha tertiary Ọdịdị "kpachie" polypeptide yinye, si otú akpụ globular protein molekul.

Potassium ion na-aka na iga nke bekee site na cell membranes. site atọm ndị a akụkụ nke a dị mkpa ike-kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka adenosine triphosphate, na bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa nke ụmụ irighiri nke deoxyribonucleic na ribonucleic asịd, nke bụ isi bekee cell si n'aka ruo n'aka.

Chọpụta ọrụ cellular metabolism

About 50 chemical ọcha emejupụta erughị 0,1% na mkpụrụ ndụ, na-akpọ microcells. Ndị a gụnyere ndị zinc, molybdenum, ayodiin, ọla kọpa, cobalt, fluorine. Na ala mmezi ha na-arụ a dị nnọọ mkpa ọrụ, dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ biologically ifịk bekee.

Ka ihe atụ, zinc atọm nọ insulin molekul (pancreatic hormone n'ịchịkwa otú ọbara glucose larịị), ayodiin bụ a constituent nke thyroid homonụ - thyroxine na triiodothyronine ịchịkwa larịị nke metabolism ke idem. Ọla kọpa, tinyere ígwè ion aka hematopoiesis (guzobe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, platelet na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na ụmị ọkpụkpụ nke vertebrates). Ọla kọpa ion na-gụnyere ke hemocyanin ink ugbu a na ọbara nke invertebrates, dị akịrịkọ. Ya mere, agba ha hemolymph acha anụnụ anụnụ.

More obere ọdịnaya cell dị otú ahụ chemical ọcha dị ka ụzọ, gold, bromine, silver. Ha na-akpọ ultromikroelementami na akụkụ nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe atụ, na chemical analysis oka Weevil gold ion na-ahụrụ. Bromine atọm na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-esịne ke thalli nke aja aja na-acha uhie uhie algae, dị ka Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

All mbụ ihe atụ ndị a na eziokwu-akọwa otú oyiri chemical mejupụtara, ọrụ na Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ. The table n'okpuru na-egosi na ọdịnaya nke dị iche iche chemical ọcha na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ndu eme ntule.

General e ji mara nke organic ogige

Chemical Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke dị iche iche iche iche nke ntule na a ụfọdụ ụzọ dabere na carbon atọm, nke ajụjụ maka n'elu 50% nke cell uka. Fọrọ niile akọrọ cell okwu na-anọchi anya carbohydrates, ndi na-edozi, nucleic asịd na lipids, nke nwere a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị na elu molekụla arọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-akpọ macromolecules (Polymers) na na-ekewet nke mfe ọcha - monomers. Protein bekee akpọ ihe na oké ọrụ dị mkpa na ịrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ, nke na-atụle n'isiokwu n'okpuru.

The ọrụ nke na-edozi na cell

Biochemical analysis of ogige abanye a bi cell, na-akwado elu ọdịnaya nke organic bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka na-edozi. Eziokwu a nwere ezi uche nkọwa: ndi na-edozi ịrụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ ma na-aka na akụkụ nile nke cell ndụ.

Ka ihe atụ, na-echebe ọrụ nke na-edozi bụ guzobere-alụso ọrịa ọgụ - alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emepụta site lymphocytes. Ndị dị otú ahụ na-echebe na-edozi ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka thrombin, fibrin na tromboblastin enye ọbara clotting ma gbochie ya ọnwụ na trauma na mmerụ ahụ. The mgbagwoju mejupụtara nke cell na-agụnye cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi na-enwe ike ịmata ndị mba ọzọ ogige - abụkwara. Ha na-agbanwe ha nhazi na akụkọ cell nke nwere ihe ize ndụ (mkpu ọrụ).

Ụfọdụ na-edozi nwere a usoro iwu ọrụ ma na-homonụ, dị ka oxytocin, mepụtara site na hypothalamus, pituitary debeere. Etinyewe si ya n'ime ọbara, oxytocin eme na muscle mgbidi nke akpanwa, na-eme ya Mbelata. vasopressin protein na-eje ozi a usoro iwu ọrụ site ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali.

The muscle mkpụrụ ndụ actin na myosin, nwere ike ịda mbà, nke na-akpata na moto ọrụ nke muscle anụ ahụ. N'ihi na ndi na-edozi, ahụkarị na trophic ọrụ, e.g., albumin nwa-eji dị ka a nri maka mmepe. Blood-edozi iche iche ntule, dị ka haemoglobin na hemocyanin, oxygen ụmụ irighiri na-agafere - rụọ ọrụ iga ọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ ume ewe bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka carbohydrates na lipids, n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-eji, ndị cell amalite gbarie na-edozi. Otu gram nke ihe onwunwe 17 enye 2 King James Version nke ike. Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa ọrụ nke na-edozi bụ catalytic (edozi, enzymes adị n'elu chemical Jeremaya mere na cytoplasmic compartments). Dabere na n'elu, anyị ahụwo na ndị na-edozi nwere ọtụtụ ezigbo mkpa ọrụ ma na akụkụ dị mkpa nke anụmanụ cell.

protein biosynthesis

Tụlee usoro nke protein nsụchi a cell, nke pụtara na cytoplasm via organelles dị ka ribosomes. N'ihi ọrụ nke kpọmkwem enzymes, na òkè nke ribosome calcium ion ikpokọta ka polysomes. Isi ọrụ nke ribosomes na cell - njikọ nke protein ụmụ irighiri, malite na transcription usoro. Dị ka a n'ihi na ọ na-synthesized mRNA ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke na-mmasị polysomes. Mgbe ahụ malitere nke abụọ ikpe - na agbasa ozi n'ikuku. Transport RNA jikọtara iri abụọ dị iche iche nke amino asịd na-ewetara ha onye polysomes, na ebe ọ bụ na ndị ọrụ nke ribosomes na cell - a njikọ nke polypeptides, ndị a organelles etolite okụre na tRNA, na amino acid ụmụ irighiri na-jikọrọ ọnụ site peptide nkekọ na-etolite a protein macromolecule.

The ọrụ nke mmiri na metabolism

Cytological ọmụmụ enen eziokwu ahụ bụ na cell Ọdịdị na mejupụtara nke nke anyị na-amụ, nkezi nke 70% mmiri, na ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ, na-eduga a mmiri ụzọ ndụ (eg, coelenterates) ọdịnaya esịmde 97-98%. N'ihi nke a chemical nzukọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-agụnye hydrophilic (ike nke na dissolving) na hydrophobic (mmiri-ọgwụ ọchụ) ihe onwunwe. Dị ka a eluigwe na ala pola mgbaze, mmiri na-arụ a dị oké mkpa ọrụ na nwere a kpọmkwem mmetụta ọ bụghị nanị na ọrụ, ma na-na nnọọ Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ. The table n'okpuru na-egosi na mmiri ọdịnaya na iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke ndu eme ntule.

The ọrụ nke carbohydrates na cell

Dị ka anyị kọwara na mbụ, ka mkpa organic ọgwụ - Polymers - nwekwara carbohydrates. Ndị a gụnyere polysaccharides, oligosaccharides na monosaccharides. Carbohydrates bụ akụkụ nke ihe mgbagwoju usoro - glycolipids na glycoproteins, nke na-wuru nke cellular membranes na nadmembrannye Ọdịdị, e.g. glycocalyx.

Ọzọkwa carbon na carbohydrate agụnye atọm nke nwụrụ na oxygenation, na ụfọdụ polysaccharides ebu ihe nitrogen, sọlfọ na site. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke ọtụtụ osisi carbohydrates: nduku tubers nwere ruo 90% starch na osisi na mkpụrụ carbohydrate ọdịnaya ruo 70%, na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-hụrụ na ụdị ndị dị otú ahụ ogige dị ka glycogen, chitin na trehalose.

Simple shuga n'ókè (monosaccharides) nwere izugbe usoro CnH2nOn na kewara tetroses, triose, pentose na hexose. The abụọ ikpeazụ bụ kasị na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị ndụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ribose na deoxyribose bụ akụkụ nke nucleic asịd, na glucose na fructose na-aka na Jeremaya mere, nke assimilation na dissimilation. Oligosaccharides na-emekarị hụrụ na osisi sel: sucrose na-echekwara na mkpụrụ ndụ nke sugar biiti na okpete, maltose dị caryopses germinated rye na ọka bali.

Disaccharides nwere a ụtọ uto na ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri. Polysaccharides, ịbụ ndị biopolymers iso isi nke starch, cellulose, glycogen na laminarin. The bughi forms gụnyere polysaccharides chitin. The isi ọrụ nke carbohydrates na cell - ume. Dị ka a n'ihi nke hydrolysis Jeremaya mere na ume metabolism rapara polysaccharides ka glucose, na ọ na-ahụ oxidized na carbon dioxide na mmiri. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, otu gram nke glucose releases 17.6 King James Version nke ume, na mee nke starch na glycogen, bukwa nnoo cellular ike esite.

Glycogen na-edebe tumadi na muscle na imeju na mkpụrụ ndụ, akwukwo nri starch - na tubers, bulbs, mgbọrọgwụ, osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka spiders, ụmụ ahụhụ na crustaceans, isi ọrụ ke ume ọkọnọ arụ oligosaccharide trehalose.

Carbohydrates dị iche lipids na-edozi ahụ, ikike anoxic nkịtị. Nke a dị oké mkpa maka ntule bi na ọnọdụ nke erughi ma ọ bụ enweghị oxygen, dị ka anaerobic bacteria, na helminths - nje nke ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ.

E nwere ihe ọzọ ọrụ nke carbohydrates na cell - ewu (bughi). Ọ dabeere n'eziokwu na a bekee na-akwado owuwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ka ihe atụ, cellulose bụ a akụkụ nke cell mgbidi osisi, chitin Nleta n'ihu ọkpụkpụ na ọtụtụ invertebrates n'akparamagwa fungal sel, olisaharidy ọnụ na lipids na-edozi ahụ ụmụ irighiri na-etolite glycocalyx - nadmembranny mgbagwoju. Ọ na-enye adhesion - n'etiti a clumping anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-eduga ná guzobe anụ ahụ.

Lipids: Ọdịdị na ọrụ

Ndị a organic bekee, nke bụ hydrophobic (mmiri unyi anaghị agbasa) ga-ewepụ, i.e. amịpụtara si mkpụrụ ndụ site nonpolar solvents, dị ka acetone ma ọ bụ chloroform. ọrụ nke lipids na cell na-adabere na nke nke atọ dị iche iche ha nwe: abụba, waxes ma ọ bụ Steroid. Abubara na ndị kasị ọsọ na niile iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

Animals-akpọkọtara ha na subcutaneous adipose anụ ahụ, nural anụ ahụ nwere abụba n'ụdị ndị myelin n'ọbọ nke irighiri akwara. Ọ na-accumulates na akụrụ, imeju, ụmụ ahụhụ - na abụba ahụ. Liquid abụba - mmanụ - hụrụ na mkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ akụkụ: pine, ahụekere, sunflower, olive. The lipid ọdịnaya mkpụrụ ndụ àmà site 5 90% (na adipose anụ ahụ).

Steroid na waxes si dị iche na abụba na ha na-adịghị na ụmụ irighiri nke ọdụdụ acid residues. Ya mere, Steroid - na ọ bụ homonụ adrenal cortex, na-emetụta pubati ahu na nke na-mmiri nke testosterone. Ha na-akụkụ nke vitamin (e.g., vitamin D).

Isi ọrụ nke lipids na cell - bụ ike, na-ewu na nchebe. Nke mbụ bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na 1 gram nke abụba ke cleavage enye 38.9 King James Version nke ike - ukwuu karịa ndị ọzọ organic bekee - edozi na carbohydrates. Ọzọkwa, na ọxịdashọn nke abụba 1d ọ na-anọchi fọrọ nke nta 1.1 c. mmiri. Ọ bụ ya mere ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-enwe a ngwaahịa nke abụba dị gị n'ahụ pụrụ a ogologo oge na-enweghị mmiri. Ka ihe atụ, gophers nwere ike ịbụ jụụ ruo ihe karịrị ọnwa abụọ, na-enweghị mkpa maka mmiri, na anaghị aṅụ mmiri camel na ikwu n'ụzọ site desert maka 10-12 ụbọchị.

Construction nke lipids ọrụ idu ke eziokwu na ha bụ ihe akụkụ nke cell membranes, nakwa dị ka akụkụ nke akwara. The-echebe ọrụ nke lipids mejupụtara ke eziokwu na abụba oyi akwa n'okpuru anụahụ gburugburu akụrụ na ndị ọzọ esịtidem akụkụ-echebe ha si n'ibu mmerụ. Specific thermal mkpuchi ọrụ bụ pụta ụwa na ụmụ anụmanụ maka a ogologo oge ịbụ na mmiri: whales, akàrà, ajị anụ akàrà. Oké subcutaneous adipose oyi akwa, n'ihi na ihe atụ, blue whale bụ 0,5 m, ọ na-echebe ụmụ anụmanụ si hypothermia.

Uru Oxygen na cellular metabolism

Aerobic ntule, nke na-agụnye ndị karịrị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi na mmadụ, iji ikuku oxygen maka ume mgbanwe Jeremaya mere na-eduga na cleavage nke organic bekee na oke nke a ụfọdụ ego nke ike-akwakọba na ụdị nke ụmụ irighiri nke adenosine triphosphate.

Ya mere, site na nchịcha zuru ezu nke otu ahumachi nke glucose nke na-eme na kristal mitochondrial, a tọhapụrụ 2800 kJ nke ume, nke 1596 kJ (55%) echekwara n'ụdị mpempe akwụkwọ ATP nke nwere eriri macroergic. N'ihi ya, isi ọrụ nke oxygen na cell - mmejuputa aerobic respiration, nke dabeere a ìgwè nke enzymatic Jeremaya mere na-akpọ akụkụ okuku ume na yinye aa na organelles - mitochondria. Na ntule prokaryotic - bacteria phototrophic na cyanobacteria - oxidation nke nri na-adabere n'okpuru mmetụta nke oxygen, na-agbasa n'ime sel n'ime nsị n'ime nke plasma membranes.

Anyị amụọla usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ sel, ma nyochaa usoro nke biosynthesis protein na ọrụ nke oxygen n'ime ume nke ike cellular.