Monoalcohols, ha anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara

Alcohols - bụ a iche iche klas nke organic ogige, nke na ya na mejupụtara nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydroxyl otu. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke OH iche iche nke ndị a oxygenates na-ekewa n'ime monohydric alcohols, trihydric, wdg Mgbe mgbe, a mgbagwoju bekee a na-ewere dị ka nkwekọrịta nke hydrocarbons onye ụmụ irighiri gbanwere ebe ọ bụ na otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydrogen atọm na-arụchiteere a hydroxyl otu.

The mfe òtù klas a bụ monohydric alcohols, n'ozuzu usoro nke bụ dị ka ndị: R-OH ma ọ bụ Cn + H 2n + 1OH.

Homologous usoro nke ndị a ogige-amalite na methyl mmanya ma ọ bụ methanol (CH3OH), sochiri aga Ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol wee (S3N7ON) wdg

N'ihi alcohols na-ji isomerism carbon ọkpụkpụ na ọtọ iche iche.

Monohydric alcohols igosipụta ndị dị otú ahụ nkịtị Njirimara :

1. Alcohols nwere ruo 15 carbon atọm - ọmụmụ 15 na ndị ọzọ - solids.
2. Solubility n'ime mmiri bụ dabere na molekụla ibu, na elu ya bụ, mmiri soluble mmanya njọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ala alcohols (elu propanol) weere mmiri ọ bụla ruru, na elu fọrọ unyi anaghị agbasa na na ya.
3. Esi na-enwekwu na-amụba atọm ibu, e.g., t kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. CH3OH = 65 ° C, na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ t. C2H5OH = 78 Celsius C.
4. The elu esi okpomọkụ, na ala ndị volatility, i.e. njọ stof anwụ na-amịrị.

Ndị a anụ ahụ Njirimara nke jupụta alcohols na otu hydroxyl otu nwere ike kọwara omume nke intermolecular hydrogen bonding n'etiti onye ụmụ irighiri nke compound ma ọ bụ mmanya na mmiri.

Monohydric alcohols nwere ike ịbanye dị otú ahụ chemical Jeremaya mere:

1. The combustion - ire ọkụ ìhè, okpomọkụ bụ: C2H5OH + 3O2 - 2CO2 + 2H2O.
2. Nnọchi nke - imeghachi omume alkanols na-arụsi ọrụ ike ka ọla, ndị mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa ndị na-ejighị n'aka ogige - alkoxides - degradability mmiri: 2S2N5ON + 2K - 2S2N5OK + H2.
3. Mmekọrịta na acid halide: C2H5OH + HBr - S2N5Br + H2O.
4. Esterification na organic na inorganic asịd, n'ihi na Esta kpụrụ.
5. Ọxịdashọn, agaghi asu aldehydes ma ọ bụ ketones na-nwetara.
6. Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ. Mmeghari a emee n'okpuru kpo oku site na iji mkpali. Intramolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ala alcohols emee Zaitseva na-achị, n'ihi nke a mmeghachi omume bụ guzobe mmiri na ihe unsaturated hydrocarbon. Mgbe ihe intermolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa ndị ethers na mmiri.

The chemical Njirimara nke alcohols, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na monoalcohols - bụ amphoteric ogige, dị ka ha nwere ike na-eme na alkali ọla, na-egosi adịghị ike acidic Njirimara na na a hydrogen halide, na-egosi isi Njirimara. All chemical Jeremaya mere n'ihu na nkekọ na-agbasa nke O-H ma ọ bụ C-O.

N'ihi ya, na ịmachi monoalcohols - a mgbagwoju compound na otu OH otu enweghị free valencies mgbe e guzobere C-C nkekọ na-egosi Njirimara na-adịghị ike asịd na bases. Ruru ya anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara, ha na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na organic njikọ, ke imewe nke solvents, mmanụ nwekwara, nakwa dị ka na-emepụta ihe oriri, ọgwụ, ntecha (ethanol).