The echiche zuru populism. Revolutinary populism. Populism - bụ ...

Ihe anyị maara banyere populism? Ikekwe anyị ga-emikwu emi ihe ọmụma ha? Mgbe na-agụ isiokwu a, ị ga-ahụ ihe ọhụrụ.

N'ihi ya, populism - ọ bụ a socio-òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a ụfọdụ stratum nke intelligentsia, nakwa dị ka ideological ozizi nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu, nkera nke abụọ nke 19 - n'oge. 20 ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ebumnuche nke na-akwado nke a direction bụ mmepe nke a mba nlereanya nke ndị na-abụghị ikeketeorie evolushọn na gradual mmegharị nke ndị bi na ọnọdụ nke na-aga n'ihu modernization. Populism - bụ a usoro nke echiche nke akara tumadi na mba na a predominantly ugbo aku na uba na nkwakọba n'oge Transition na ulo oru ogbo nke mmepe (ma e wezụga n'ihi Russia, ọ bụ Poland na Ukraine, na Caucasus mba na Baltic States).

Ugbu a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a na-atụ aro na ndị nnọchianya ya rịọrọ ndị pụta, a na-eduzi ọ bụghị naanị site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ ozugbo ozugbo mkpochapu autocracy (a bụ ebumnuche nke revolutionary ije na ụbọchị ndị ahụ), ma esịtidem mkpa nke convergence omenala abụọ - ndiife na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ. Populism - bụ ụdị nke utopian socialism na ụfọdụ mgbanwe ọrụ na ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ọha ndụ. Mgbasa nke a onu mee ka ịdị n'otu nke mba site na iwepu na-akpa ókè na-etolite ndabere ike a otu iwu otu maka mmadụ niile strata.

founders nke populism

Ha Herzen na Chernyshevsky. Ma akpa ihe ịrịba ama nwere ike achọpụtara na ọrụ A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, na A. Ya Chaadaev, bụ onye gosiri mmasị dị ukwuu na-elekọta mmadụ okwu na ọrụ ya, "eziokwu nke ndụ." Ọ bụ site na ebe a na nwere ya si malite na Russian populism.

Herzen

Na 1830 Herzen bịara nwee mmasị Hegelianism, o kweere na isi ihe na -elekọta mmadụ na-enwe ọganihu ga-abụ olileanya nke onye mmepe, na imeri na-elekọta mmadụ na nke ime mmụọ ọchịchị aka ike n'elu ya. Otú ọ dị, edikpu na mmepe nke Europe, o kweere na mba anyị, na populism na Russia. Herzen hụrụ ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na mgbanwe nke onwunwe mmekọahụ, nke na-dabere na ịdị n'otu a ga-egosi na ibe otu òtù. All ndị a osimiri nke populism, ọ hụrụ na obodo. Herzen enwe mmasị n'ebe ndị ethos ndị nkịtị nọ Russia, na-etinye ha "eke" collectivism n'ebe dị elu karịa ndị individualistic achụso nke Europe. ụkpụrụ chepụtara ya kpụrụ ndabere nke ihe mbụ echiche nke "Russian socialism".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, na aka nke ọzọ, o nwere mmasị na ndị "Westernism" na ya echiche nke na-elekọta mmadụ na-enwe ọganihu dabeere na nkwenkwe na universality nke mmadụ na mmepe, nakwa dị ka obodo nke European na Russian development ụzọ. N'ụzọ dị iche na udo Herzen na echiche nke "ndị na-abụghị amamihe socialism", ọ na-achị si eme ihe ike mkpebi nke elekọta mmadụ nsogbu site na. Chernyshevsky maara nke ọma banyere mkpa n'ihi na ogologo oge izi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị-arụ ọrụ n'etiti ndị na-edozi ya bụ isi na-elekọta mmadụ nsogbu. Nke a ọha ọgụgụ na-akwalite echiche nke ntọhapụ nke nkịtị si n'ala na-enweghị akwụ ụgwọ, mkpochapu ndioru govanmenti, iri ngarị, irube mgbanwe nke ala ngwa, na nzukọ nke obodo onwe-ọchịchị, ndị akpọkọta vsesoslovnogo nnọchiteanya oru na oruru nke iwu iji. Ọtụtụ ụlọ radicals hụrụ na ọrụ ya adịghị achọ ogologo oge onwe ọrụ, ma echiche nke amamihe mgbanwe nke mba.

Abụọ ndị a na-eru nso - agafeghị oke (emesapụ) na buu (revolutionary) Populism ghọrọ ihe na-akpata nke abụọ okwukwo. Weere revolutionary direction n'etiti 1850 na n'iru 1881. Mgbe igbu ọchụ nke Emperor Alexander II (1 March 1881) na ruo narị afọ nke 20, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná emesapụ obibia.

Populism - bụ a pụrụ iche omenala onu

The si malite populism jikọtara ndị mere guzobe nke intelligentsia na Russia. The echiche nke ọmịiko maka ụmụ mmadụ mmehie (Berdyaev) na-ese ihe dum usoro nke ọha nsụhọ nke mba anyị na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19. Populism akụziri gbalịrị ikpokọta ihe nke Westernism na Slavophilism. Echiche ha - a na-abụghị ikeketeorie ụzọ nke mmepe, ntughari ka socialism collectivism echebekwa ime ime obodo - aghọwo detached ịrịba onu nke Russian nkà ihe ọmụma na omenala. Nke a na usoro nke echiche n'ozuzu nwere n'ọrụ ọcha nke eziokwu, n'agbanyeghị utopianism. Na obi nke omume ezigbo - nkwenkwe na omume na ndị ọma nwere ike ịgbanwe ụwa ka mma. Populists na-ekweghị na Chineke kwenyesiri ike-ekweghị na Chineke, Otú ọ dị, na echiche ha anyị na echiche nke "socialism" na "Christian ụkpụrụ."

Ekpe nke a ije e wepụtara si n'ihu ọha nsụhọ n'okpuru dictates nke chọọchị ahụ, ma nọgidere na nkịtị omenala Christian omenala. Populism akụziri nke autocracy mere dịghịzi ka ezi uche uzo ozo ka ala Liberalism. Liberals hụrụ ndị ọchịchị nke ndị nnupụisi ahụ, otú ahụ ka eze ike okụt ya nkwado naanị na a mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, nke n'ikpeazụ mere ngwa ngwa ọnwu-ya.

Ntụziaka na ọnọdụ

Dị ka ogo radicalism bụ na-akwanyere ùgwù:

• N'oge mgbanwe;
• emesapụ-revolutionary;
• socio-revolutionary populism;
• anarchist.

Conservative nku e jikọtara ya na slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). Ya na ọrụ ya bụ ala, na-amụ ma na-anọchi anya tumadi site ọrụ nke mkpara nke magazine "Week" Chervinsky P. na I. Kablitz.

Anọchitekwa anya nke na-emesapụ aka-revolutionary (centrist) nku nke 60-70s nke narị afọ nke 19: Elisha ( "Contemporary" magazine), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "Domestic ndekọ"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov na ndị ọzọ . Eduga ya ideologues ndị Lavrov na Mikhailovsky.
Na-akwado na-elekọta mmadụ revolutionary direction Narodnichestvo gawa Tkachev na, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ afọ Morozov aiming na-akwalite ogologo nkwadebe na-elekọta mmadụ ikpughe. Ha dọọrọ echiche nke osooso, ọsọ ọsọ mgbanwe.

Anarchist nku aka dị mkpa ime mgbanwe n'ime obodo. Populists anarchist Kropotkin na Bakunin obi abụọ banyere ọchịchị, gụnyere ya ohu na n'igbochi nnwere onwe nke onye ahụ. Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, ọ e-egwuri n'oge ihe kasị ebibi ọrụ, ma na nchepụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oma echiche.

The mbụ klọb na òtù

Na afọ 1856-1858 enwere a na-agbasa echiche gburugburu na Kharkov University. Na 1861 ọ nọ na-dochie anya n'otu bịara n'okpuru idu ndú nke Pee na Ntuziaka Nne na Nna Agriropulo Zainchevskogo na Moscow. Òtù ya bụ nanị ụzọ ịgbanwe gburugburu eziokwu na e weere a mgbanwe.

"Land na Freedom"

Ike kacha ike nzuzo nzukọ nke St. Petersburg na 1861-1864 afọ bụ "Land na Freedom". Òtù ya (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, hoops, Utin, Rymarenko) rọrọ nke "na ọnọdụ maka mgbanwe." Ihe omume nke Society agba nyefe nke ala nkịtị (zubere maka mgbapụta), nnọchi nke niile isi hoputara ọchịchị, mbelata nke agha mmefu na n'obí ya. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị a na-adịghị natara zuru ezu support n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na dị ka a n'ihi na nzukọ disbanded, fọdụrụ ọbụna chọpụtara eze egwú ọrụ.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina revolutionary otu eto nke a gburugburu, òtù nke nzukọ "Land na Freedom". Nzube ya bụ iji kwadebe oru ugbo mgbanwe site ibé ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche. Ná mgbalị ime ka ndụ ụfọdụ nke echiche nke Chernyshevsky ike noo na cooperatives, ndị òtù nke otu mepere Moscow a free ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na 1865, isọ-nsọ na akwa akwa noo, mụụrụ mkparita uka banyere oruru nke mmekota, na-arụ ọrụ Lyudinovo ironworks na Kaluga n'ógbè, guzosie ike a owu factory na ndabere nke Association na 1865 na Mozhaisk district. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky zubere ụzọ mgbapụ si n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma ha na-arụ ọrụ ama etre April 4, 1866 mgbu mmadu na-anwa Karakozov, otu n'ime ndị òtù nke a otu, onye eze ukwu. Na nke a karịa 2,000 populists bịa n'okpuru nchoputa, 36 ha ikpe dị iche iche ihe nke ike (Karakozov - kwubara Ishutin enịm ke kpọchiri nanị na Shlisselburg ebe e wusiri ike, ebe ọ na-ekemende wee ara).

"Ndị mmadụ mgbuchapụ"

Nke a nzukọ edu Nechayev na-anọchi anya a buu ije nke populism na e guzobere 1869 na Moscow na St. Petersburg. Ọ gụnyere 77 ndị mmadụ. Nzube ya na-akwadebe a bụ "ndị mmadụ mgbanwe". Sergei Nechayev gụnyere nzukọ fanaticism na enweghị ụkpụrụ, aghụghọ na ọchịchị aka ike. Against ya n'ihu ọha kwalitere P. L. Lavrov, bụ onye kweere na "ọ dịghị onye kwesịrị n'ihe ize ndụ ya ma ọ bụrụ nnọọ na ọ dị mkpa ịdị ọcha n'omume na-alụ, na-ekwesịghị ẹduọk ọ bụla onye extra dobe ọbara." Nechayev a na-akpọ oké ụjọ, iwe. O kwenyesiri ike na ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ ga-bara uru na echikwapụ mode, ga-eme ka a na-egbuke egbuke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu. Ivanov, na-ekwu okwu megide Nechayev, e mesịrị ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru ma gbuo. Police meghere a mpụ iwe, isi nke nzukọ ọsọ ná mba ọzọ, ma e hụrụ, jidere na-agbalị ka a omekome nkịtị.

Nke a echiche zuru bụghị n'efu, na-egosi na amamihe echiche nke ndị ọzọ na-ekwu. Ya mere, anyị na-ezute populism (narị afọ XX) na populist mmegharị nke atọ ụwa mba ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-abịa.