The ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu: akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-akpata, mmetụta na-akpali eziokwu

The First World War, nke mere ka ọtụtụ ihe isi ike ndị Europe, mere apụghị izere ezere ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ adịkwaghị n'elu nnukwu ebe, nke na-a aja ya agụụ ji agha mgbasa. Ịrụ isonyere Central Powers, dị ka Germany, Austria-Hungary na Bulgaria, ọ bụ na ha nwetara ilu nke mmeri, na-enweghị ike ikwu ihe banyere onwe m dị ka a na-eduga uwa alaeze ukwu.

The nchoputa nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu

Ná ngwụsị nke nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ, Osman Gazi m ketara site n'aka nna m Bey Ertogrul ike n'ebe ọtụtụ Turkish ìgwè bi Frijia. Ikwusa onwe nke a dịtụ obere ebe na-ewere aha nke Sultan, ọ bụ ike imeri a ịrịba akụkụ nke Asia Minor na hụrụ otú ike alaeze, aha ya bụ na ya nsọpụrụ Ottoman. Ọ a kara aka na akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Ugbua na n'etiti nke XIV narị afọ Turkish agha rutere na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Europe na-amalite ya ogologo mgbasa, mee ya a ala na XV-XVI narị afọ otu nke kasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Otú ọ dị, ná mmalite nke ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu, e nwere kemgbe ugbua na na Asaa na narị afọ, mgbe ọ maghị wee merie tupu ewere anwụ anwụ Turkish agha ahụhụ a ndinuak igbu ná mgbidi nke Austrian isi obodo.

The mbụ mmeri nke ndị Europe

Na 1683, ndị Ottoman ìgwè bugara Vienna we were obodo ahu agha nọchibidoro. Bi na ya, nụrụ ọtụtụ ihe banyere ọhịa na obi tara mmiri omume ndị a Ọzọ gosiri na ọrụ ebube nke heroism, iji chebe onwe ha na ndị ha hụrụ n'anya si na ụfọdụ ọnwụ. Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ, ịga nke ọma nke na-agbachitere na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu facilitated site eziokwu na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama na agha ndị ndú nke ndị afọ n'etiti agha isi, ndị na-ike competently na ngwa ngwa-niile dị mkpa iji chebe onwe jikoro.

Mgbe ga akara aka nke kpara e kpebiri enyemaka nke nọchigide bịarutere, King of Poland. Ha gbara ọsọ, na-ahapụ Kraịst ịkwakọrọ. Mmeri a, bụ nke malitere ida nke ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, nwere maka ndị nke Europe, n'elu ihe nile, a psychological uru. Ọ ghara echiche ụgha nke invincibility nke ike nile, na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, dị ka ndị Gris n'etiti Europe na-akpọ Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman.

Malite territorial losses

Nke a gaghịkwa emeri ha, nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdi ọdịda mere ka ndị mkpọrọ na January 1699 Karlovitskogo ụwa. Dị ka akwụkwọ a Porta efu tupu ya akara ókèala Hungary, Transylvania na Timişoara. Ókè-ala nwere gbanwere n'ebe ndịda a dịtụ anya. Na ọ bụ na ezi a arọ igbu ya alaeze ukwu ike n'ezi ihe.

Nsogbu na XVIII narị afọ

Ọ bụrụ na akpa ọkara nke ọzọ, XVIII narị afọ, ndị ji ụfọdụ ndị agha ọma nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, ikwe ka ọ na albeit na a nwa oge ọnwụ nke Derbent, ma na-ejigide ohere ka Black na Azov Oké Osimiri, nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ me a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndọghachi azụ, na-ekpebi ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu.

The mmeri nke Turkish agha, nke Catherine II ada ka Ottoman Sultan, mere ikpeazụ ịrịba ama na July 1774 udo nkwekorita, n'okpuru nke Russia natara ala ndinyanade mbịne n'etiti Dnieper na Southern Bug. Next afọ na-eweta a ọhụrụ ọdachi - Port tụfuru ceded na Austrian Bukovina.

Dechara maka Ottoman XVIII narị afọ a zuru ọdachi. Final mmeri na Russian-Turkish agha mere ka ọgwụgwụ nke a nnọọ ọjọọ na-emenye ihere Jassy ụwa, dị ka nke n'efu ka Russia niile edere Black Sea region, gụnyere Crimea peninshula.

The mbinye aka na akwụkwọ Certifying na ugbu a gaa n'ihu na ruo mgbe ebighị ebi anyị Crimea, tinye Prince Potemkin onwe. Ke adianade do, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman manyere nyefee Russian ala n'etiti Southern Bug na Dniester, nakwa dị ka-abịa okwu na ọnwụ nke ya kasị itie ke Caucasus na Balkans.

Mmalite nke ọhụrụ na narị afọ na ọhụrụ nsogbu

Mmalite nke ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu na narị afọ nke 19 a kara ya ọzọ meriri na Russian-Turkish agha nke 1806-1812. The nke a pụta bụ na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado na Bucharest nke ọzọ, n'ezie, detrimental na Treaty Ports. The Russian n'akụkụ a ukwuu n'ime ikike Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, na Turkish - Ahmed Pasha. Ebe ahụ nile si Dniester na Prut la Russia na bịara mara dị ka ndị mbụ n'ógbè Bessarabia, mgbe ahụ, nke dị n'ógbè Bessarabia, ugbu a Moldova bụ.

The mgbalị ndị Turks na 1828 ná mgbalị na-Russian usiene gara aga wee merie tụgharịa a ọhụrụ mmeri na ọzọ aka site n'afọ ọzọ na Andreapol udo nkwekorita, ghara inweta ya nke na-ama mma skimpy ókèala ndị Danube Delta. On top of nsogbu n'otu oge kwuru onwe ya Greece.

Short-okwu nke ọma, ọzọ a mgbanwe nke ọnya

The naanị oge chioma Ottoman n'oge Agha Crimea nke 1853-1856, ineptly efu Nicholas I. Ya nọchiri n'ocheeze nke Russian eze ukwu Alexander II manyere cede Bessarabia Porte ịrịba akụkụ, kama na ụdi afọ 1877-1878 a ọhụrụ agha laghachiri ha oche.

Wee disintegration nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu. N'iji a mma oge, n'otu afọ ọ iche Romania, Serbia na Montenegro. All mba atọ kwuru, ha onwe. Ọ hapụrụ XVIII narị afọ na Ottoman n'otu nke ugwu Bulgaria na ókèala nke ha alaeze ukwu, aha ya bụ Southern Rumelia.

The agha na Balkan Union

XX narị afọ ụbọchị laghachi ikpeazụ ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu na Turkish Republic akụziri. Nke a kpọkwasịwo a usoro ihe omume, nke malitere na 1908, Bulgaria kwuru onwe ya na njedebe si otú na narị ise Turkish yoke. Nke a sochiri agha nke 1912-1913, kwuru, Porte Balkan Union. Ọ gụnyere Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia na Montenegro. Nzube nke ndị a na-ekwu bụ kpọọ nke n'ókèala nke mgbe Ottoman.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị Turkey-etinye abụọ dị ike agha, South na North, agha, nke biri na mmeri maka Balkan Alliance, nke mere ka a bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke ọzọ nkwekọrịta na London, ghara inweta a ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman fọrọ nke nta dum Balkan dịịrị banye na mmiri, na-ahapụ ya na nanị akụkụ dị nta nke Istanbul na Thrace. Isi akụkụ nke nwere n'ókèala natara, Greece na Serbia, nke ụba na-efu nke ha ebe fọrọ nke nta ka okpukpu abụọ. N'oge ndị ahụ, na ọ kpụrụ ọhụrụ na ala - Albania.

Mkpọsa nke Republic of Turkey

Banyere otú ndị ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu na ndị sochirinụ, ị pụrụ iche n'echiche, na-esonụ na N'ezie nke First World War. N'ịchọ naputa ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke furu ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, dị n'ókèala ha, na Port wee akụkụ ke hostilities, kama ka ihe ọjọọ dakwasịrị ya, na-apụghị imeri n'akụkụ ike - Germany, Austria-Hungary na Bulgaria. Ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ otiti, igweri ihe ozugbo dike alaeze, na-eweta oké ụjọ na ụwa dum. M na-azọpụta ya na-emeri 1922 mmeri Greece. The usoro mmebi ama irreversible.

The First World War biri na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Ports ke 1920 Sèvres Treaty, n'okpuru nke allies shamelessly pilfered gara aga, nọgidere n'okpuru Turkish akara nke ókèala meriri. All a mere ka a zuru ezu ida na ya nkwupụta nke 29 October 1923, nke Republic of Turkey. A na-eme kara akara ọgwụgwụ nke karịa narị isii akụkọ nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu.

Ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha ahụ kpatara ida nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu, karịsịa ke backwardness nke ya aku na uba, na oké ala larịị nke ụlọ ọrụ, e nwere ezughị ụzọ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke nkwurịta okwu. Na mba na-bụ n'ogo nke ochie feudalism, fọrọ nke nta dum bi na ama iti. Site na ọtụtụ na-egosi alaeze bụ nnọọ njọ mepere karịa ndị ọzọ na-ekwu nke oge.

Ebumnobi na-egosi na ida nke alaeze ukwu

Ekwu okwu banyere ihe ihe gosiri disintegration nke Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu, ọ ga-kwuru na mbụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Filiks na-eme na ya na mmalite nke XX narị afọ na ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke agaghị ekwe omume na mbụ oge. Nke a na-akpọ Young Turk mgbanwe nke 1908, bụ mgbe jide ike na mba ndị òtù nke nzukọ "Union na Ọganihu". Ha kwaturu Sultan na-etinye n'usoro ochichi.

Okpuru ogologo nọgidere na-enwe onwe-ha ike, dochie anya na-akwado nke wepụ Sultan. Na-elu-oge ahụ jupụtara n'ọbara mere site collisions agha òtù na mgbanwe nke-achị achị. All a apụghị ịgbagha agbagha ihe àmà nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na a siri ike centralized ike na-arahụ, na bịara ida nke ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman.

Nkenke achịkọta, ọ ga-kwuru na Turkey dechara ụzọ, ọtụtụ narị afọ a kwadebere maka niile States, hapụrụ ha akara na ihe mere eme. Nke a bụ nwa, ngwa ngwa okooko na n'ikpeazụ ojuju, na-akpatakarị ha ikpochapu. The Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu na-aga kpamkpam hụrụ, na-aghọ n'oge, ọ bụ ezie na-erughị ala, ma ọ bụghị na-achị so na obodo nke uwa.