The kasị nile iji electrolysis

Mgbe uzo nke 18 na nke 19 na narị afọ na ọ e mere ọtụtụ nchọpụta na ghọrọ kwalite maka ọmụmụ nke a ọhụrụ sayensị - electrochemistry. Na founders nke sayensị abụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ bụ Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani na A. Volta na English physics, onye na 1799 kere mbụ chemical ugbu a iyi - "Voltaic ikpo". Nke ahụ bụ ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na mgbe ihe eletrik na-gabiga otu okenye ihe ngwọta nke ọ bụla nnu na a ngwọta chemical mgbanwe ime, nke ugbu a na-akpọ electrolyte. Electrolysis onwe ya bụ pụtara mgbagwoju set nke dị iche iche n'ibu. Nke a Mbugharị (ọjọọ ion agbasaghị na anode na cathode bụ mma), na mgbasa nke ion. Nke a na-dị iche iche electrochemical na chemical Jeremaya mere na-erukwa n'etiti onwe ha ngwaahịa nke electrolysis, n'etiti ndị a na ngwaahịa na electrolyte, na electrodes therebetween.

A ọmụmụ ndị a Filiks abụghị naanị a na nkà mmụta sayensị uru. Uru ngwa nke electrolysis dị ezigbo mkpa. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe dị ọcha hydrogen, sodium, ma ọ bụ nickel pụrụ inweta naanị otú a. Na na ụlọ ọrụ electrolytic Filiks na-eji a dịgasị iche iche nke nzube. Na enyemaka ha kwadebere inorganic bekee, dị ka oxygen, hydrogen, alkali, chlorine na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọla. Ọzọkwa, electrolysis eji maka ihicha nke ụfọdụ ọla (ọlaọcha na ọla kọpa). Ọzọ electrolytic Filiks na-etolite ihe ndabere maka mmepụta nke lithium, potassium, sodium, zinc, magnesium na ndị ọzọ na ọla na metal alloys.

E wezụga iji electrolysis na nkà - ọ bụ na-na njikere nke organic bekee, coatings na electroplating ọgwụgwọ nke metal ebupụta (electropolishing, boriding, ọgwụgwọ na nitration). E nwere electrophoresis, electrodialysis, electroplating na ndị ọzọ yiri Filiks nwere a bara uru ngwa. Ọzọkwa electrolysis uru dabeere n'eziokwu na ya enyemaka na-a dị ọcha, ihe fọrọ nke nta otu narị percent ọla.

Nweta dịkarịa ala ọla kọpa. The ọla kọpa ore nwere ya oxides, sọlfọ ogige ndị ọzọ metal adịghị. Na ọla kọpa enwetara site na nke a ore, na ndị a niile adịghị na-igba na efere. Mgbe ahụ efere na-enịm dị ka ihe anode na a ọla kọpa sulfate ngwọta (CuSO4). Na-agbaso site na ngwa nke electrolysis. Na ụfọdụ baths electrodes etinyere voltaji na ọcha metal wepụtara n'ebe cathode. Na niile adịghị na-precipitated ma ọ bụ gaa njem n'ime electrolyte, na-enweghị guzo na cathode.

Ọzọkwa ojiji nke Nde na electrolysis aluminum mmepụta. The okenye ihe ngwọta na usoro a na-adịghị na ya n'ọrụ, ọ na-anọchi na wụrụ awụ bauxite. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ores nwere aluminum oxide na ígwè oxide na sịlịkọn. Mgbe n'imeso bauxite na alkali na-emepụta a ngwaahịa na-akpọ alumina. Nke a alumina na-kwajuru n'ime a refractory oku na ala na mgbidi nke na-ẹkenịm carbon efere. Ndị a efere jikọọ na-ezighị ezi ike isi iyi. A jikọọ na mma carbon anode na gbatịrị site na mgbidi nke ọkụ. Na mgbe na-ewedata anode n'ime ọkụ na-ebilite electric aak na-agbaze ihe alumina. Mgbe e mesịrị nke a wụrụ awụ uka emee electrolytic usoro. Na na na ala nke oven nakọtara ọcha (99.5%) aluminum, bụ nke a wụsara n'ime Ebu.

Ma were nke electrolysis bụghị naanị electrometallurgy. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ụfọdụ ọla nwere ike ntekwasa na a oyi akwa nke ọzọ metal. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ electroplating na-emetụta ya iji gbochie metal n'elu site ọxịdashọn, enye ya nwekwuo ume na nwekwara maka inye a elu a mma n'ile anya. Na dị ka coatings eji nickel na Chrome, bụ obere susceptible ka ọxịdashọn ma ọ bụ magburu onwe ya ọla dị ka ọlaọcha na ọlaedo.

Na nke a, isiokwu na- electroplated mkpuchi, nlezianya degreased, kpochara na-egbu maramara. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nọ na-enịm dị ka cathode na plating bath. The electrolyte na saa bụ a metal nnu ngwọta, nke ga-kpuchie site ngwaahịa. Na anode ka nke otu metal. Otú ahụkwa ka o si edo mkpuchi, na cathode etinye n'etiti abụọ anodes. Mgbe ahụ electrodes ọnọ na a ugbu a kpebisiri ike, na a cathode ntekwasa na a oyi akwa nke silver, gold, nickel ma ọ bụ chromium.

E nwere ndị dị otú ahụ a iji electrolysis, nke a na-akpọ electroformed. Nke a na usoro na-enye a oyiri nke a dịgasị iche iche nke metal akpọkwa (nrite ọla, ego, Bas-tụrụ). N'ihi nke a si a plastic ihe onwunwe dị ka wax, ọ bụ a oyiri nke ihe. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-ntekwasa na graphite ájá na-enye ya electroconductivity na-etinye akwụkwọ na saa, ebe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a cathode. Na site electrolysis a oyiri na-ntekwasa na chọrọ metal ọkpụrụkpụ. A wax na-ahụ wepụrụ kpo oku. Na nke a bụ nanị akụkụ dị nta nke ohere awa site a usoro a na-akpọ electrolysis.