The ọrụ na ojiji nke carbohydrates. The ojiji nke carbohydrates na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

Carbohydrates - ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ nke ọ bụla dị ndụ organism, ọ ga-abụ na osisi, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ mmadụ. Ha mejupụtara isi ego nke organic okwu nke mbara Ụwa. Carbohydrates - a pụtara ọtụtụ klas nke ogige. Otu n'ime ha i nwere ike ịhụ a dịgasị iche iche nke bekee na Njirimara. N'ihi nke a mma, carbohydrate ọrụ ndị sara mbara nke ukwuu. Taa, anyị ga-atụle ihe ndị bụ isi Njirimara, n'ahụ ọrụ na ojiji nke carbohydrates dị iche iche ntụziaka nri (ma ọ bụghị naanị) ụlọ ọrụ.

isi mmalite nke carbohydrates

Ndị bụ isi carbohydrates - oriri nke osisi si malite. Ya bụ, achịcha, ọka, akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi na tomato. Ma ụmụ anụmanụ na ngwaahịa, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụkwa ọgaranya carbohydrates. Ọ bụ, na mbụ, na mmiri ara ehi, bụ nke nwere ndị na-akpọ mmiri ara ehi sugar.

Food ngwaahịa nwere ike ịnwe dị iche iche carbohydrates. Ya mere, uru, na ojiji nke carbohydrates na ha ọrụ bụ nnọọ ọtụtụ. Na ọka na nduku starch bu - mgbagwoju carbohydrate bụ unyi anaghị agbasa na mmiri, nke na-kewaa mfe ilekwata shuga site n'oru nke digestive juices. Na mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri na tomato nke a bekee na-ọkọnọ n'ụdị dị mfe shuga n'ókè: mkpụrụ, biiti, okpete, grape na na. Ha na-mmiri soluble na ọma etinye obi gị dum site idem. Sugar, mmiri-soluble, na-ngwa ngwa etinye obi gị dum n'ime n'ọbara.

Iri carbohydrates

Ọ na-kweere na ọtụtụ ndị carbohydrates ga-iwesa n'ụdị a mgbagwoju, na na 20-25% na mfe. Ọ na-eme ka gradual ntinye nke shuga n'ókè na anụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-akawanye nri zuru ezu ego nke carbohydrates, ha na-edebe na imeju na-na akwara n'ụdị "anụmanụ starch" glycogen. Na ụkọ carbohydrates, glycogen idobere na-rapara n'ime glucose na-eji na-egbo mkpa nke organism (ike mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ). Ọ bụrụ na ahụ na-akawanye ha ngafe, ha ghọọ abụba. Site n'ụzọ, na-ezo aka carbohydrates dị ka abụba, nke dị oké mkpa maka kwesịrị ekwesị mgbaze.

Carbohydrates - na dị oké mkpa mmiri nke na-eri, otú ha bụghị naanị ime ka ike homeostat ahụ, ma na-abuana ke biosynthesis nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon-nwere Polymers. N'ime a ndụ, nkezi onye na-erepịakwa banyere 14 tọn ndị a ogige. N'ime ndị a, ihe dị ka 2.5 tọn - na a ụzọ dị mfe. The ojiji nke na-edozi, abụba, carbohydrates na ha emepụta adịghị uniformly nri. Carbohydrates - isi akụkụ nke anyị na-eri. Ha na-eri 4 ugboro ka ukwuu protein ma ọ bụ abụba. Na a dị mfe, weere nri, banyere 60% nke ume a mmadụ na-akawanye si carbohydrates. Ha isi ọrụ ke idem - enye ike. The ọzọ ahụ na-eme nke ndụ mmadụ, ọ chọrọ ndị ọzọ carbohydrates. Mgbe ịnọkarị otu ebe na a bekee mkpa mbelata. N'ihi na ndị na-esoghị na-arụ ọrụ, kwa ụbọchị chọrọ n'ihi na carbohydrates bụ banyere 400 grams.

Order of 50-65% carbohydrates abịa n'ime ahụ anyị na cereal ngwaahịa. 15-25% - na sugar na sugar ngwaahịa. Banyere 10% - a root- na tuber ubi. Na banyere 5-7% - na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.

Carbohydrates na-agụsi ike irritant exocrine pancreas na kasị ike stimulator nke njikọ nke insulin, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ụkpụrụ nke carbohydrate metabolism ma na-enwe ezigbo glucose homeostasis. Overloading mfe carbohydrates karịrị afọ na-eduga ná β-cell hyperplasia, na mgbe - na-ada mbà Insular usoro na e kere eke nke prerequisites maka mmepe nke-arịa ọrịa shuga.

nhazi ọkwa nke carbohydrates

Dabere na Ọdịdị, na mgbasa na absorption ọnụego nke carbohydrates, nke na-ekewet nke nri kewara mfe ma dikwa mgbagwojuanya. Site na nanị na-agụnye monosaccharides (fructose, glucose, galactose) na disaccharides (sucrose, lactose). K mgbagwoju - polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen). E wezụga ihe nlereanya carbohydrates, na onye ọ bụla nke na klas, e nwere ndị ọzọ, na-erughị maara nke ọma umi.

mfe carbohydrates

Mono- na di-saccharides ngwa ngwa soluble na mmiri na-adị mfe etinye obi gị dum site idem. Ha na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site a akpọ ụtọ uto, ya mere, ọ na-akpọkarị mfe sugars. The kasị monosaccharide bụ glucose dị iche iche na mkpụrụ osisi na tomato, na-synthesized na cleavage nke di- na polysaccharides. Glucose, ozugbo ke idem, ngwa ngwa okụt ngwa. Ọ Nleta glycogen, nourishes ụbụrụ anụ ahụ na uru (gụnyere obi), na-achịkwakwa ọbara sugar etoju. Mgbe exertion glucose pụrụ ozugbo mee dị ka ume isi iyi.

Ọ nwere yiri Njirimara na fructose. Ọ nwere ike na-hụrụ dị nnọọ oké ọnụ ahịa, mfe digestible carbohydrate. Ma, tụnyere glucose, fructose bụ ka iji nwayọọ gbara eriri afọ, na, otu ugboro n'ime ọbara, ngwa ngwa doo ọbara iyi. Up 80% fructose na-nọgidere na-imeju, na-egbochi supersaturation ọbara sugar. Otú ọ dị, imeju synthesizes a glycogen fructose mfe karịa glucose. Tụnyere sucrose, fructose na-mma etinye obi gị dum na nwere elu uto. N'ihi ikpeazụ onwunwe ahụ chọrọ larịị nke uto nke ngwaahịa, i nwere ike iji a nta ego nke fructose, si otú mbenata ngụkọta oriri nke sugars. Nke a bụ ikpe na-ewu a na-eri nke calorie mmachi. Ịtụle ojiji nke carbohydrates na ndụ gị, uche pụrụ iche na a ga-akwụ ụgwọ iji nri nri. Ọtụtụ mgbe fructose eji dị ka a sweetener na imewe nke ngwaahịa maka ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ si na-arịa ọrịa shuga mellitus.

Na ngafe nke sucrose akwusila abụba metabolism na ụba abụba guzobere. Ke adianade do, ama pụtara na na-amụba ego nke sugar na abatakwa ahụ, na-amụba njikọ nke abụba site mgbagwoju carbohydrates, abụba, na ọbụna na protein. N'ihi ya, ego nke sugar-eji mmadụ, nwere ike dị ukwuu mezie abụba metabolism.

Na ukwuu ojiji nke sugar-amalite imebi cholesterol metabolism na-amụba ya ọdịnaya na ọbara. Ke adianade do, ngafe sugar bụ ihe ọjọọ n'ihi na nsia osisi - microorganisms enwekwu uka nke putrid, putrid Filiks na-accelerated, ma na-amalite flatulence. Obere mgbe, ndị a mmetụta na-hụrụ na ojiji nke fructose. The isi iyi nke carbohydrates bụ mkpụrụ osisi na tomato. A otutu fructose na glucose dị na mmanụ aṅụ: 37,1 na 36,2%, karị. All na sugar, nke bụ na anyụ - fructose bụ, ọ bụ banyere 8%.

Next monosaccharide - galactose. Ọ bụghị dị na oriri na free ụdị. Galactose - bụ lactose cleavage ngwaahịa, isi carbohydrate nke mmiri ara ehi.

Banyere disaccharide, isi nke ha na anyị nri bụ sucrose. Na hydrolysis ya gbawara n'ime fructose na glucose. Ndị bụ isi na-sucrose, biiti na mkpisi sugar. The sugar ọdịnaya nke ájá-carbohydrate esịmde 99,75%. Ke adianade do, sucrose a hụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri na melons.

mgbagwoju carbohydrates

Polysaccharides bụ ihe mgbagwoju Ọdịdị nke molekul na nnọọ ala solubility n'ime mmiri. Nke a na klas na-agụnye: starch, cellulose, glycogen, na pectin. Jiri nke carbohydrates na klas a na-ekesa na dịgasị iche. Isi ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ uru bụ starch. Ya elu ọdịnaya na ọka bụ isi ihe na-akpata na-ahụ maka ha ekwukwa n'akwụkwọ uru. Na ihe oriri nke na nkezi onye starch na-ewe 80% nke ngụkọta carbohydrates gwusia. Ozugbo ahụ, ọ na-enyo n'ime mfe carbohydrates na ịrụ ha ọrụ.

Banyere glycogen, ọ bụ anyị ahu na-arụ ọrụ nke energetic ihe oriri na-arụ ọrụ uru na esịtidem akụkụ. Glycogen na-nwesịrị site reosintez ruru ka glucose.

Pectin - a soluble umi, ọma gbarie ke idem. Dị ka e gosiri site-adịbeghị anya ọmụmụ na ubi nke ike oriri na-edozi, pectin nwere ike ji mee ihe maka prophylactic na ọgwụgwọ nzube ọrịa nke eriri afọ tract.

The eriri Ọdịdị bụ nnọọ nso polysaccharides. Ya elu ọdịnaya nke cereal ngwaahịa na-mara maka. Ọzọkwa ego nke eriri na ngwaahịa, dị oké mkpa bụ ya mma. The softer na carbohydrate, mma ọ na-agbajikwa ala ke gootu, na ndị na-ewetara ndị ọzọ uru mmadụ. A Njirimara nwere eriri akwụkwọ nri na poteto. Otu ihe dị mkpa mma bụ ike nke polysaccharide na mwepụ nke cholesterol si ahụ mmadụ. Ugbu a, tụlee ojiji nke carbohydrates na ihe zuru ezu.

parenteral oriri na-edozi

The ojiji nke carbohydrates na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-eto eto n'ike n'ike taa. Parenteral oriri na-edozi - igba ogwu n'akwara ochichi nke nri. Ọ na-eji ikpe ebe ndidi bụ enweghị ike na-eri onwe ha. The ojiji nke carbohydrates na parenteral oriri na-edozi bụ nnọọ nkịtị. Ha na-eji dị mfe mere ka ha bụ ndị kasị ngwa ngwa isi iyi nke ike maka ahụ mmadụ. Carbohydrate Energy uru nke 4 kcal / g. The kwa ụbọchị mmadụ chọrọ iji ume àmà site 1.5 2 puku calories. N'ihi ya na nsogbu nke na-akpa iche carbohydrates izute mkpa ahụ. Na usoro nke ihe isotonic ngwọta nke glucose, ka n'ụzọ zuru ezu ekpuchi ụmụ mmadụ calorie mkpa ga-wụsara 7 na 10 lita ngwọta. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọmụmụ bufee, akpa ume edema na obi ọrịa.

Jiri nke ihe ndọpụ ngwọta nke glucose fraught na ndị ọzọ wetara pụta - ntoputa plasma hyperosmolarity na stimulations intimal akwara (phlebitis na thrombophlebitis). Na iji kpochapụ ihe ize ndụ nke osmotic diuresis, kwesịrị ịna-glucose infusion ọnụego na nso nke 0.4 na 0.5 g / kg / h. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na tọghata a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na isotonic glucose ngwọta na-enye a obere ihe karịa 500 mm kwa hour onye ọrịa erikpu 70 n'arọ. Iji gbochie ndị mebiri nke ndidi na carbohydrates na ndị sochirinụ nsogbu, glucose e kwukwara ka a ngwọta nke insulin. Na ngụkọta oge a rụrụ dị ka usoro: 1 U 3-4 grams nke akọrọ glucose. Insulin bụghị naanị nwere mmetụta dị mma n'ebe glucose itinye n'ọrụ, ma na-eme ka nkịtị amino acid absorption.

The ojiji nke carbohydrates na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-adabere na umu. Na parenteral oriri na-edozi na-n'ọtụtụ ebe: fructose, glucose, sorbitol, dextran, glycerol na ethyl mmanya.

ghara ịdị irè nri

E nwere ọtụtụ diets na dabeere na zuru ma ọ bụ ele mmadụ anya n'ihu mwepu si nri nke carbohydrates nri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka onye na-abawanye na oriri nke protein na abụba. The US Department of Agriculture mụụrụ a nnyocha e mere na, dị ka nke ọ hụrụ na ndị na-na-eri nri ọgaranya carbohydrates, ukwuu n'ime nwere a nkịtị ibu ibu. Food, nke nwere otutu carbohydrates, ihe na-edozi ahụ, ma na-erughị calories.

Dị ka ị maara, na America, ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na enwe si na nsogbu nke ngafe ibu ibu. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-eto eto nwayọọ nwayọọ. Ogologo oge bi nnyocha maka oriri ngwaahịa gosiri na nke ndị mmadụ na ihe oriri na-adịkwaghị carbohydrates, na-enweta obere calories karịa ndị hụrụ protein na abụba, na otu ego nke nri eri eri. Nke a ìgwè mmadụ si na niile zaghachirinụ, na e nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000, nke kasị ala ahu uka index. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na 1000 calories nke carbohydrate-nwere ihe oriri nwere otutu eriri na mmiri. The otu nke ndị mmadụ na-eri natara ọzọ nri, ya bụ vitamin A na C, carotene, calcium, ígwè na magnesium. Abubara, cholesterol, zinc, sodium na vitamin B12 na ha diets ẹdude a obere ókè.

The ojiji nke carbohydrates na abụba na ihe oriri na-anya metụtara. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ojiji nke carbohydrates na-edozi. The elu arụmọrụ nke carbohydrates dị ka onye ike isi iyi dị na ha nwere ikike ichebe protein. Mgbe a nnukwu ego nke carbohydrates, ahụ na-eji ole na ole amino asịd dị ka ume abatakwa nri ihe. Ke ofụri ofụri, ndị a bekee na-adịghị oké mkpa mmiri nke nri, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike synthesized si amino asịd na glycerol, o sina dị, onye kwesịrị ileda ọrụ ha. Jiri nke carbohydrates na oriri ga-dịkarịa ala 50 grams kwa ụbọchị. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ pụrụ ịbụ a mebiri nke metabolic n'ibu.

Otú ọ dị, ngafe oriri nke carbohydrate-eduga ná guzobe nke subcutaneous abụba. Mgbe ewu nri, ọ dị mkpa ọ bụghị nanị na-egbo mmadụ mkpa a bekee, ma n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị oriri nke dị iche iche. Ọ dị mkpa inyocha na ịchọpụtakwa ruru nke dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju carbohydrates. Mgbe ahụ na-enweta ọtụtụ shuga n'ókè, ha nwere ike n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-synthesized na glycogen na triglycerides rue n'ịkwalite guzobe nke ọdụdụ anụ ahụ. Mgbe ọbara insulin content ụba, usoro na-accelerated.

Mgbagwoju carbohydrates, dị ka megide mfe, agbajikwa ala nwayọọ nwayọọ, ya mere, ha ọdịnaya n'ime ọbara na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ. Banyere nke a, ọ bụ ihe amamihe na isi akụkụ nke carbohydrate nri ndị dị nnọọ siri ike digestible bekee. Ha ibu ga-n'agbata 80 na 90 percent. The enweghị mgbagwoju carbohydrates karịsịa kwesiri ngosi maka ndị na-ata ahụhụ site na ọrịa shuga, ibu oké ibu, atherosclerosis na ọrịa nke obi usoro.

Dị ka ị maara, ọtụtụ carbohydrates na-eji ihe oriri na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ma na nke a na mpaghara nke ngwa nke carbohydrates anaghị akwụsị ebe ahụ. Olee ebe ọzọ ha ga-eji?

glucose

Nke a carbohydrate na-ọma etinye obi gị dum site na ahu na ike ga-eji na mejupụtara nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ. Ọzọkwa, glucose na ọtụtụ-eji confectionery ụlọ ọrụ. Site n'enyemaka nke anam jellies, caramel, kuki na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa. Na akwa ụlọ ọrụ ọ na-eme dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga. Na na mmepụta nke glycolic acid na ascorbic acid, glucose bụ amalite ihe onwunwe. Na na ọ na-rụrụ njikọ nke ụfọdụ nke mmepụta nke sugars.

Agachoputa mkpa bụ glucose gbaa ụka. Ọ na-abịa sauerkraut, kukumba, mmiri ara ehi na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa, nakwa dị ka silage. Na mmepụta nke biya iji mmanya na-gbaa ụka nke glucose.

starch

Starch - a bara uru potassium. Iji mee ka ọ na ihe na-adị mfe etinye obi gị dum site na aru ahu, na ngwaahịa na-doro ikpo ọgwụgwọ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke elu okpomọkụ bụ ele mmadụ anya n'ihu hydrolysis nke starch, nakwa dị ka e guzobere mmiri soluble dextrins. Dextrin, otu ugboro n'ime digestive tract bụ hydrolyzed ka glucose, nke na-ọma etinye obi gị dum site idem. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere iji carbohydrates na ụlọ ọrụ, apụghị ileghara starch. Isi na ngwaahịa na na-emepụta na ya - glucose na glucose sirop. Nke na-kọwakwuru n'ógbè ebe anyị ga-enwe n'iji carbohydrates. Nkenke akọwa usoro nke nkwadebe glucose na starch sirop nwere ike dị ka ndị a.

Starch ewe iwe na a ngwakọta na itughari na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Ngafe acid na-neutralized na nzu. The ịkpali calcium sulphate, nke a kpụrụ n'oge neutralization ẹdụk anya. Mgbe ahụ lekwasị ngwọta na a dịpụrụ adịpụ na ya glucose. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-adịghị eme ka hydrolysis ruo ọgwụgwụ, ị ga-esi a ngwakọta nke glucose na dextrins, nke a na-akpọ molasses. Ọ na-eji na confectionery ụlọ ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, dextrins ewepụtara starch na n'ọtụtụ ebe eji dị ka ihe nyagide na thickener maka ágbá. Starch na-egosi otú dị iche iche ngwa nwere ike carbohydrates. Chemical Filiks, otú a, ọ na-adịghị mgbagwoju anya.

Mbụ na-eji starching linen, nke na-enye ohere na ákwà na-eku ume na abụọ ndụ na ogologo ya ọrụ ndụ. Starch ngwaahịa nwetara ya nime ya chọta ngwa ke akwa, na-emepụta ọgwụ na foundry ụlọ ọrụ.

cellulose

The bara uru iji carbohydrates ka mgbe niile dịkwa mkpa dị ka ha ndu ọrụ. The ojiji nke carbohydrates nwere ike dị na nnọọ dị iche iche ntụziaka nke mmadụ ọrụ. Cellulose (eriri) eji mmadụ kemgbe oge ochie. Na mbụ, ndị mmadụ malitere iji osisi dị ka mmanụ a na-ewu ihe owuwu. Mgbe ahụ, owu, flax na ndị ọzọ fibrous osisi mụtara ime ka eri. Mgbe e mesịrị, technology pụtara, nwere ike enwetara site na osisi akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ, ya bụ isi, bụ a mkpa oyi akwa nke cellulose emep uta eri, nke na-enwe ma glued. N'ihi bụ a inogide, ezigbo elu nke ink na-agbasaghị.

Ná mmalite, maka imewe nke akwụkwọ na-eji naanị akwukwo nri akụrụngwa (owu na osikapa ị ga). Site na nke a kpere mechanically amịpụtara emep uta eri. Ma dị ka na mmepe nke ọha mmadụ, ndị a bụ ezughị ikpuchi ina akwụkwọ. Isi nke ukwu nke na ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Nyere na àgwà nke akwụkwọ bụ adịghị oké, ọ malitere tinye aka 50 percent ala osisi. Ekemende e technology tufuo dị otú ahụ so bekee osisi dị ka resins, lignin na ndị ọzọ. Nke ahụ bụ otú iche iche nwere ike ịbụ ihe bara uru ngwa nke carbohydrates.

Ka ụbọchị, ndị kasị usoro bụ nkewa nke cellulose sulphite. Ọ na-eji dị iche iche ebe, ebe e nwere bụ ojiji nke carbohydrate. Chemical usoro bụ nnọọ mfe. Site usoro a, osisi-echi ọnụ n'ala ma sie na a ngwakọta na calcium hydrogen sulfate. Bụ mgbe ahụ tọhapụsịrị ụdị adịghị iche na cellulose nzacha. Ihe na-aba n'anya na-emi esịnede monosaccharides, n'ihi ya, ọ na-eji dị ka a akụrụngwa n'ihi mmanya mmepụta. Na cellulose eji imewe nke viscose, acetate na cuprammonium emep uta eri.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, emeghe maka carbohydrates hydrocarbons. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị a òtù abụọ nke bekee zoro aka na-akụ, ha enweghị mmekọrita ọ bụla ọzọ. The ojiji nke jupụta hydrocarbons ke ufọk na-arụ ọrụ - na ọ bụ a kpam kpam dị iche iche akụkọ.

ọgwụgwụ

Taa ị bụ na ị mikwuo gị ihe ọmụma dị otú ahụ na bekee ka carbohydrates. Properties na ngwa nke carbohydrates na ha were ụmụ mmadụ na-atụ aro na a bekee bụ ihe dị mkpa ndu mmiri nke mbara ala anyị. Ha na-n'ụzọ nkịtị nọ n'ebe nile na ihe nile. Ma nke a abụghị mkpa, ma nke bụ eziokwu na ndụ anyị na-adịghị carbohydrates ga-agaghị ekwe omume. Oke ọtụtụ ojiji nke carbohydrates na ndụ.