The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje: texte

I nwere ike ịsị na amamihe development bụ na nchọpụta nke penicillin ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị mbụ ọgwụ nje zọpụta ọtụtụ nde unan agha si septicemia. Penisilini ghọrọ irè ma n'otu oge ahụ dị ọnụ ala karịa ọgwụ ọjọọ si a dịgasị iche iche nke oké njọ na-efe efe na oké njọ fractures, septic ọnyá. N'ime oge ahụ, ọ na-synthesized, na klas ndị ọzọ nke ọgwụ nje.

General e ji mara

Taa, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ngwaahịa nke mbara ụwa nke na eto - bekee nke eke ma ọ bụ ọkara bụghị ndị nwere ike ibibi ụfọdụ iche iche nke pathogenic microorganisms ma ọ bụ inhibit ha ibu ma ọ bụ amụba. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje spektra nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche. N'ime oge ahụ, ọhụrụ na ụdị na-mgbanwe nke ọgwụ nje. Ọ bụ ha di iche iche na-achọ systematization. N'oge anyị a, anyị nakweere a nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ nje dị ka usoro nke edinam na iche, nakwa dị ka na chemical Ọdịdị. Dị ka ha na usoro nke edinam ekewa:

• bacteriostats, nke ebelata uto ma ọ bụ mmeputakwa nke pathogenic microorganisms;
• microbicides, nke na-eme ka mbibi nke bacteria.

Ihe bụ isi usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje:

• mebiri nke nje cell mgbidi;
• mgbochi nke protein njikọ na nje cell;
• mebiri permeability nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ;
• mgbochi nke RNA njikọ.

Beta-lactam eto - penicillins

Dị ka chemical Ọdịdị nke ndị a ogige na-nkewa dị ka ndị a.

Beta-lactam ọgwụ nje. The usoro nke edinam lactam ọgwụ nje na-adabere na ike nke ọtọ ìgwè gēke enzymes abuana ke njikọ nke peptidoglycan - bases nke elu akpụkpọ ahụ nke microorganism mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ihi ya, ọ gbochie guzobe cell mgbidi, nke na-eme ka cessation nke ibu ma ọ bụ na mmeputakwa nke bacteria. Beta-lactams nwere ala toxicity, na n'otu oge ahụ a ọma bactericidal mmetụta. Ha na-anọchi anya ndị kasị otu na-ekewa n'ime subgroups nwere a yiri chemical Ọdịdị.

Penicillins - na a otu nke bekee ẹkesiode ụfọdụ chịrị nke Ebu na bactericidal mmetụta. The usoro nke edinam nke ọgwụ nje penicillin n'ihi na eziokwu na site n'ibibi ndị cell mgbidi microorganisms, ha na-ebibi ha. Penicillins bụ eke ma ọ bụ ọkara bụghị na na-ogige nke a dịgasị iche iche nke edinam - ha ga-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa mere site streptococci na staphylococci. Ke adianade do, ha nwere ihe-onwunwe nke selectivity site n'ime naanị na Micro-ntule, enweghị na-emetụta na nnukwu-organism. Penicillins nwere ndọghachi azụ, nke na-agụnye omume nke nje ndị na-eguzogide thereto. Of kasị nkịtị eke penicillin G, penicillin na-eji na-alụ ọgụ meningococcal na streptococcal na-efe efe ruru ya ala toxicity na ala na-eri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ogologo oge nabata nwere ike ịbụ ahụ ọgụ ọgwụ, si otú mbenata ya irè. Ọkara sịntetik penicillins na-adịkarị ewepụtara eke site chemical mgbanwe inye chọrọ Njirimara - amoxicillin, ampicillin. Ndị a ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere elu ọrụ megide bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka biopenitsillinam.

Ọzọ beta-lactams

Cephalosporins na-enwetara site dịkwa ka usoro ha nke otu aha, na ha mebere atumatu yiri Ọdịdị nke penicillins na-akọwa ihe otu oghom mmeghachi omume. Cephalosporins ajụjụ maka ọgbọ anọ. mbụ ọgbọ ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eji ọtụtụ na ọgwụgwọ nke nwayọọ na-efe efe na-kpatara staphylococci ma ọ bụ streptococci. The abụọ na nke atọ na ọgbọ cephalosporins karị megide gram-adịghị mma bacteria, na ọgbọ anọ nke umi - kacha ike ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-emetụta ndị siri ike na-efe efe.

Carbapenems irè mee gram-nti, gram-adịghị mma na anaerobic bacteria. Ha mma mma bụ na-anọghị nke nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na ọbụna mgbe a ogologo oge nke ya ngwa.

Monobactams na-emetụtakwa beta-lactams na nwere a yiri usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje, bụ mmetụta na cell mgbidi bacteria. Ha na-eji na-emeso a dịgasị iche iche nke dị iche iche na-efe efe.

macrolides

Nke a bụ ìgwè nke abụọ. Macrolides - eke ọgwụ nje, nke nwere a mgbagwoju cyclic Ọdịdị. Ha na-anọchi anya polynomial lactone mgbanaka mmasị carbohydrate moieties. Na nọmba nke carbon atọm na mgbanaka adabere na Njirimara nke ọgwụ. Ịmata Ọdịiche 14-, 15- 16 membered ogige. The ụdịdị dị iche iche nke edinam nke ụmụ nje dị obosara-ezu. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje na microbial cell bụ site omume ha na ribosomes na otú mebiri nke protein njikọ na cell nke microorganism site inhibiting ọhụrụ monomer adianade Jeremaya mere na peptide yinye. Dum n'ịkpa na dịghịzi usoro sel, macrolides rụrụ na intracellular okowot nke ụmụ nje.

Macrolides bụ ndị kasị mma na-erughị na-egbu egbu, na n'etiti mara ọgwụ nje irè megide bụghị naanị gram-mma, ma na-adịghị mma bacteria. Ha were na-adịghị hụrụ ekwesighi n'akụkụ Jeremaya mere. Ndị a ọgwụ nje na-ji bacteriostatic mmetụta, ma na elu kasịnụ, nwere ike a bactericidal utịp ke pneumococci na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ microorganisms. Ka a usoro nke na-amị macrolides na-ekewa n'ime eke na semisynthetic.

The mbụ ọgwụ nke klas nke eke macrolides erythromycin e nwetara n'etiti ikpeazụ nke narị afọ na e ji mee ihe nke ọma megide gram-mma bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ megide penicillin. A ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na otu a pụtara na 70s nke narị afọ nke 20 na ọtụtụ-eji nnọọ.

Macrolide ọgwụ nje na-ọkara - azolides na ketolides. Azolide The lactone mgbaaka na molekul, n'etiti nke itoolu na nke iri carbon atọm gụnyere nitrogen atọm. Nnochite anya azolides azithromycin bụ a iche iche sara mbara nke edinam na ọrụ kwupụta gram-nti na-gram-adịghị mma bacteria, ụfọdụ anaerobes. Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mụ na acidic na-ajụ, dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere erythromycin, na ike-akpọkọtara na ya. Azithromycin na-eji na a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrịa nke akụkụ okuku ume na tract, urinary tract, bowel, anụ na ndị ọzọ.

Ketolides kwadebere site attaching nke atọ atọm keto lactone mgbanaka. Ha na-erughị àgwà na-akpụ bacteria, jiri ya tụnyere macrolides.

tetracyclines

Tetracyclines bụ a na klas nke polyketides. Ọ ọgwụ nje sara mbara-ụdịdị dị iche iche bacteriostatic mmetụta. The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke ha - chlortetracycline, e kewapụrụ na n'etiti narị afọ gara aga otu n'ime omenala nke actinomycetes, na-akpọ radiant mushrooms. A afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị oxytetracycline e nwetara site n'aka ógbè nke otu ero. The atọ so na otu a bụ tetracycline, nke mbụ e kere a chemical mgbanwe nke ya chloro emepụta, na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị na-kewapụrụ actinomycetes. All ọzọ ọgwụ ọjọọ nke tetracycline otu bụ ọkara sịntetik nkwekọrịta nke a ogige.

All a bekee ndị yiri na chemical Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke ọrụ megide ọtụtụ iche nke gram-nti na-gram-adịghị mma bacteria, ụfọdụ nje, na mmadụ nje. Ha na-eguzogide ọgwụ ahụ riri na microorganisms. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje na nje cell bụ na-ebelata ya na usoro nke na protein biosynthesis. The edinam nke ọgwụ ụmụ irighiri na gram-adịghị mma bacteria ha rue n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ site mfe mgbasa. The usoro nke penetration nke nje ahụ na gram-mma bacteria ka na-agụghị oké ghọtara, ma e nwere bụ ịkọ nkọ na tetracycline ụmụ irighiri emekọ na ion ụfọdụ ọla ndị na-na mkpụrụ ndụ nke bacteria na-etolite mgbagwoju ogige. N'ihi ya, ọ a ọdịiche na yinye n'oge protein njikọ dị mkpa maka nje cell. Nlele gosiri na bacteriostatic chlortetracycline kasịnụ zuru inhibit protein njikọ, ma n'ihi na mgbochi nke nucleic acid njikọ achọ elu kasịnụ nke ọgwụ.

Tetracyclines na-eji na-alụso ọrịa akụrụ, dị iche iche na akpụkpọ-efe efe, akụkụ okuku ume na na ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ha na-eji dochie penicillin, ma na-adịbeghị anya, na ojiji nke tetracyclines budata ebelata, n'ihi na ntoputa nke na-eguzogide nke microorganisms ndị a na ọgwụ nje. Na-adịghị mma ọrụ na-egwuri site na ojiji nke ọgwụ nje dị ka ihe mmako na nri anụmanụ, dapụtara na-ebelata ọgwụgwọ Njirimara nke ọgwụ n'ihi na omume nke ndị na-eguzogide ya. Iji merie ya, na-ahọpụta na a Nchikota dị iche iche ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-enwe dị iche iche usoro nke antimicrobial edinam nke ọgwụ nje. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe omume mmetụta enwekwukwa imekotaotuugbo ngwa nke tetracycline na streptomycin.

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides - eke na ọkara sịntetik ọgwụ nje na a nnọọ iche iche sara mbara nke ọrụ, nwere na molekul residues aminosaharidov. Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ aminoglycoside streptomycin, dịpụrụ adịpụ site chịrị nke ray dịkwa ka usoro ha na n'etiti narị afọ gara aga ma na-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke a dịgasị iche iche nke na-efe efe. Ka bactericide, ọgwụ nje nke kwuru otu ndị dị irè ọbụna na ike belata ọrịa ọgụ. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje na microbial cell bụ guzobere ike covalent nkekọ na-edozi na ribosomes microorganism mbibi nke protein njikọ na nje cell Jeremaya mere. Na-ghọtara usoro aminoglycoside bactericidal mmetụta, dị ka megide bacteriostatic edinam nke tetracyclines na macrolides nwekwara emerụ protein nsụchi nje na mkpụrụ ndụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-amara na aminoglycosides-arụsi ọrụ ike na n'okpuru aerobic ọnọdụ, otú ahụ ka ha na-egosi ala arụmọrụ ke anụ ahụ na ndị ogbenye na ọbara ọkọnọ.

Mgbe mbụ ogwu mgbochi - penicillin na streptomycin, ha malitere na-otú ọtụtụ ebe-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke ọ bụla ọrịa na-adịghị anya e nwere nsogbu na-eji microorganisms ndị a ọgwụ ọjọọ. Ugbu a, streptomycin na-eji tumadi na Nchikota na ndị ọzọ ọhụrụ ọgbọ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na-emeso ụkwara nta ma ọ bụ ndị dị otú ahụ, taa, obere na-efe efe dị ka ihe otiti. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ e kenyere kanamycin, bụ nke na-akpa ọgbọ nke aminoglycoside ude. Otú ọ dị, ruru akwa toxicity nke kanamycin ugbu a họọrọ gentamicin - nkwadebe nke abụọ emana, ọgbọ nke atọ na nkwadebe nke amikacin bụ aminoglycoside - ya na-adịkarịghị eji gbochie riri thereto microorganisms.

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol ma ọ bụ chloramphenicol, bụ eke ọgwụ nje na a dịgasị iche iche nke edinam, ifịk ifịk na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke gram-nti na-gram-adịghị mma ntule, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi nje. On chemical Ọdịdị na-ewepụtara nitrofenilalkilaminov, mbụ nwetara site na omenala actinomycetes n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, na afọ abụọ gasịrị nwekwara synthesized na ya.

Chloramphenicol nwere a bacteriostatic utịp ke microorganisms. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje na nje cell bụ na-ebelata ọrụ nke mkpali guzobere usoro nke peptide nkekọ na protein njikọ mgbe ribosomes. ka chloramphenicol-eguzogide bacteria na-amalite nnọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ. The ọgwụ na-eji na ọrịa ịba ma ọ bụ shigellosis.

Glycopeptides na lipopeptides

Glycopeptides - a cyclic peptide ogige nke na-eke ma ọ bụ semisynthetic ọgwụ nje na a warara ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ụdị nje microorganisms. Ha akpa a bactericidal utịp ke gram-mma bacteria, na ike dochie penicillin bụrụ na nke iguzogide ya. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje na microorganisms nwere ike kọwara guzobe linkages na amino asịd na cell mgbidi peptidoglycan, si otú n'igbochi ha njikọ.

First glycopeptide - vancomycin, e mepụtara site na actinomycetes, e si ala nke India. Ọ bụ eke ọgwụ nje na-arụ ọrụ megide microorganisms, ọbụna ozuzu oge. Ná mmalite, vancomycin e ji mee ka a dochie anya na ikpe nke na penicillin asọ ya na ọgwụgwọ nke na-efe efe. Otú ọ dị, na-abawanye na ọgwụ ndị na-eguzogide aghọwo a oké nsogbu. Na afọ 80 ọ na-nwetara teicoplanin - ọgwụ nje si ìgwè nke glycopeptides. Ọ họpụtara n'otu na-efe efe, na na Nchikota na gentamicin, ọ na-enye ezigbo ihe.

Ná ngwụsị nke narị afọ nke 20, a ọhụrụ ìgwè nke na eto - lipopeptides kewapụrụ Streptomyces. Na ya ha cyclic lipopeptides. Nke a nje na a warara ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe, na-egosi a bactericidal mmetụta megide gram-mma bacteria, na staphylococci na na-eguzogide ọgwụ beta-lactam ọgwụ ọjọọ na glycopeptides.

The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje dị nnọọ iche na ndị na-ama mara - na lipopeptide forms na ọnụnọ nke calcium ion ike nkekọ na cell akpụkpọ ahụ nke bacteria nke na-eduga depolarization na ya emeghasịkwa nke protein njikọ, nke mere na obi cell-anwụ anwụ. The mbụ nnọchiteanya nke klas nke lipopeptides - daptomycin.

Banyere daptomycin nwere ike kwuru a ịrịba ọnụego bactericidal ọrụ, na ọtụtụ ihe - enweghị cross-eguzogide, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ nnọọ ngwa ngwa ya guzobere n'ihi na eziokwu na a kpam kpam ọhụrụ usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje webata Ọdịdị nke umi.

polyenes

The ọzọ otu - polyene ọgwụ nje. Taa e nwere nnukwu anya na fungal ọrịa na-esi ike na-emeso. Mbuso ha bụ antifungal bekee - eke ma ọ bụ ọkara sịntetik polyene ọgwụ nje. The mbụ antifungal ọgwụ ka na n'etiti narị afọ gara aga malitere Nystatin, nke e kewapụrụ Streptomyces omenala. N'oge a, ahụ ike na-eme ọtụtụ ihe ndị na polyene ọgwụ nje, ewepụtara a dịgasị iche iche nke fungal omenala - griseofulvin, Levorinum na ndị ọzọ. Anyị nwere nanị natara ojiji nke polyenes bụ ugbua ọgbọ anọ. Common aha ha nwetara ekele ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ abụọ nkekọ na ụmụ irighiri.

The usoro nke ihe nke polyene ọgwụ nje ruru ka e guzobere chemical nkekọ na cell akpụkpọ ahụ sterols na fungi. Polyene molekul otú agbakwunyere na cell akpụkpọ ahụ na iche-iche ion wired ọwa site nke mmiri ịgbatị atugharị mkpụrụ ndụ, na-eduga ya mkpochapu. Na ala doses polyenes nwere fungistatic ọrụ na na elu - fungicide. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ha na-agaghị kpuchie bacteria na nje virus.

Polymyxin - eke ọgwụ nje na-emepụta site na ala bacteria spore. Na ọrịa, ha na e ji na 40-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. Ndị a formulations iche bactericidal mmetụta, nke e mere site mmebi nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ nke microorganism mkpụrụ ndụ na-akpata mbibi ya. Polymyxin irè megide gram-adịghị mma bacteria na-adịkarịghị na-eri ahụ microorganisms. Otú ọ dị, kwa elu toxicity egbochi ha were na ọgwụ. Ogige nke otu a - polymyxin B sulfate na polymyxin sulfate M na-eji na-adịkarịghị na nanị dị ka preparations idobere.

antitumor ọgwụ nje

Actinomycin emepụta ụfọdụ ray dịkwa ka usoro ha, nwere a cytostatic mmetụta. Natural actinomycins na Ọdịdị bụ hromopeptidami dị iche iche amino asịd na peptide ígwè na-ekpebi ha ndu ọrụ. Actinomycin adọta uche nke ọkachamara dị ka antitumor ọgwụ nje. The usoro nke edinam n'ihi na guzobere a zuru ezu anụ nkekọ nke peptide n'agbụ nke ọgwụ na abụọ helix DNA nke microorganism na otú igbochi njikọ nke RNA.

Dactinomycin, n'ihi na 60s nke narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụ nke mbụ anticancer gị n'ụlọnga nke hụrụ were na oncologic ọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mmetụta nke a ọgwụ na-adịkarịghị eji. Ugbu a, anyị nwetara karị antineoplastic ọgwụ ọjọọ.

Anthracyclines - nnọọ ike mgbochi-akpụ gị n'ụlọnga kewapụrụ Streptomyces. The usoro nke ihe nke ọgwụ nje ndị a na-guzobere ternary okụre na DNA ígwè ma ndị a n'agbụ ezumike. Na a abụọ ekwe omume usoro nke antimicrobial edinam n'ihi na mmepụta nke free radicals na oxidize cancer mkpụrụ ndụ.

Nke eke anthracyclines nwere ike na-akpọ daunorubicin na doxorubicin. Nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ nje dị ka ha usoro nke ihe na bacteria classifies ha dị ka microbicides. Otú ọ dị, ha elu toxicity amanye ịchọ ọhụrụ ogige a kwadebere synthetically. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na e ọma ji na oncology.

Ọgwụ nje ogologo-aghọ akụkụ nke ọgwụ na ahụ ike omume na ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ekele ha, e meriri ọtụtụ ọrịa, nke ọtụtụ narị afọ e weere na-enweghị ngwọta. Ugbu a, e nwere a di iche iche nke ndị a ogige, nke na-achọ ọ bụghị nanị nhazi ọkwa nke ọgwụ nje dị ka usoro nke edinam na ụdịdị dị iche iche, ma na-na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ e ji mara.