Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke enzymes na ha ụzọ

Dị ka a unit ndụ okwu, nke ọrụ dị ka a set nke na-emeghe ndu usoro, cell bụ mgbe niile na-ekwurịta okwu mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi umi na ume. Iji nọgide na-homeostasis na ya na e nwere otu nke pụrụ iche bekee nke protein agwa - enzymes. Structure, ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke enzymes na-amụ pụrụ iche alaka n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ, enzymology akpọ. Ke ibuotikọ emi, iji ihe atụ, anyị ga-atụle dị iche iche usoro na ụzọ nke inye iwu ọrụ nke enzymes pụta ụwa na elu mammals na ụmụ mmadụ.

The ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ezigbo enzyme ọrụ

Bayoloji ifịk mmadụ na bibiri emetụta ma ndị assimilation mmeghachi omume na cleavage igosipụta ya catalytic Njirimara na mkpụrụ ndụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta na ihe nke cell na-ewe ebe a chemical usoro, nke na-agụnye enzymes. N'ihi compartmentation (nkewa nke cytoplasm na saịtị) emegide Jeremaya mere eme ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche na organelles.

N'ihi ya, protein njikọ a rụrụ na ribosomes na ha cleavage - na hyaloplasm. Cellular ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke enzymes nke catalyze Biochemical Jeremaya mere abụghị, ọ bụghị nanị na-enye ezigbo eruba ọnụego nke metabolism, ma na-egbochi guzobe nke ike na-abaghị uru metabolic ụzọ.

multienzyme mgbagwoju

Structural na ọtọ nzukọ nke enzymes, enzymatic forms unit mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị chemical Jeremaya mere na-ebe ọ bụ na oyiri. Ọ bụrụ na a multistage chemical usoro ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume mbụ bụ a reactant maka n'ihu, na nke a, ndị gbasara ohere ndokwa nke enzymes na cell na-kwupụtara karịsịa ike.

Ọ ga-echeta na enzymes bu nodidi mfe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju na-edozi. Na ha uche na cellular substrates ruru bụ isi a mgbanwe ya gbasara ohere nhazi nke tertiary ma ọ bụ quaternary Ọdịdị nke ahụ peptide. Enzymes na-eme mgbanwe bụghị naanị na cellular parameters dị ka chemical mejupụtara hyaloplasm, ịta nke reactants na mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa, na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, kamakwa ka mgbanwe na ha gbara agbata obi na mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ na extracellular ọmụmụ.

Mere cell kewara compartments

Ezi uche na ezi uche anụ ọhịa ngwaọrụ ịtụnanya. Nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-emetụta ndụ ngosipụta e ji mara nke cell. N'ihi na ọkà mmụta sayensị ọgwụ doro anya nke oma na multidirectional enzymatic chemical Jeremaya mere, ihe atụ njikọ nke glycolysis na glucose ike n'ihu na otu tube. Oleezi ndị na-abụghị pụtara na mmeghachi omume hyaloplasm a otu cell, nke bụ na mkpụrụ maka omume ha? Ọ na-enyo na cellular ọdịnaya - na cytosol, - ebe ndị na-emegide chemical Filiks na-rụrụ spatially iche na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ forms loci - compartments. Ruru ha metabolic Jeremaya mere nke elu mammals na ụmụ mmadụ na-usoro karịsịa kpomkwem, na metabolic na ngwaahịa na-ghọọ ụdị, mfe penetrates site na mgbidi nke cell na saịtị. Next, ha weghachi mbụ ya Ọdịdị. Na mgbakwunye na cytosol, na enzymes dị organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, ntọala, lysosomes.

The ọrụ nke enzymes na ume metabolism

Tụlee oxidative decarboxylation nke pyruvate. Regulation nke catalytic ọrụ nke enzymes ya e ọma mụọ enzymology. Nke a Biochemical usoro-ewe ebe mitochondria - dvumembrannyh organelles nke eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ - na onye n'etiti usoro n'etiti anoxic gbawara glucose na ndị Krebs okirikiri. Pyruvate dehydrogenase mgbagwoju - PDH - nwere atọ enzyme. Na elu mammals na ụmụ mmadụ belata ya na-eme na-amụba ịta nke acetyl-CoA na NATH, ie na ikpe nke ọzọ ohere agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ irighiri nke acetyl-CoA. Ọ bụrụ na ndị cell kwesịrị ọzọ òkè nke ike ma na-achọ ọhụrụ acceptor ụmụ irighiri maka amplification Jeremaya mere tricarboxylic acid okirikiri, enzymes na-arụ ọrụ.

Gịnị bụ allosteric mgbochi

Regulation nke ọrụ nke enzymes nwere ike rụrụ pụrụ iche bekee - catalytic inhibitors. Ha nwere ike covalently jikọrọ kpọmkwem loci enzyme, na-eleghara ya-arụsi ọrụ na saịtị. Nke a na-eduga ná a gbasara ohere deformation nke mkpali Ọdịdị na-akpaghị aka gụnyere a gụnyere ya ná ya enzymatic Njirimara. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, e nwere allosteric ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ. Anyị nwekwara ike ịgbakwunye nke a n'ụdị catalytic edinam pụta ụwa oligomeric enzymes, i.e. ndị ụmụ irighiri iso nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa polymeric protein subunits. PDH-mgbagwoju atụle n'isiokwu na-aga aha dị nnọọ nwere atọ oligomeric enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase, a dehydrogenase na degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

usoro iwu enzymes

Research na Enzymology ike eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọnụego nke chemical Jeremaya mere na-adabere ma na ịta na ọrụ nke mkpali. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị bụ isi na metabolic ụzọ nwere enzymes na-achịkwa mmeghachi omume ọnụego na ya niile na saịtị.

Ha na-akpọ usoro iwu na-emekarị emetụta mmeghachi omume mbụ nke mgbagwoju, na ike na-ekere òkè ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa chemical Filiks ihe irreversible mmeghachi omume, ma ọ bụ iso ndị reactants n'alaka ihe na a metabolic ụzọ.

Olee otú bụ peptide mmekọrịta

Otu usoro nke ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ pụtara na a cell bụ a protein-protein na mmekọrịta. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Regulatory edozi na-merged na enzyme molekul, adịru ha ebighị. Ka ihe atụ, adenylate cyclase enzyme odude ke n'ime elu nke cell akpụkpọ ahụ na nwere ike emekọ dị otú ahụ owuwu ka hormone ihe nnabata na peptide ewekarị n'etiti ya na enzyme. Ebe ọ bụ na dapụtara compound hormone ihe nnabata-agbanwe ya protein n'etiti gbasara ohere nkwenye, a usoro nke ime catalytic Njirimara nke adenylate cyclase na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ a na-akpọ "ebighị ruru accession usoro iwu na-edozi."

Protomers na ọrụ ha na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ

Otu a nke bekee, ma ọ bụghị na-akpọ protein kinases, mee ngwangwa nyefe nke anion PO ₄ ^3- gidroksogrupp amino acid nke a peptide macromolecule. Regulation nke ọrụ nke enzymes protomers ga-atụle site na anyị dị ka ihe atụ protein kinez A. Ọ molekul - tetramer emi esịnede abụọ catalytic na abụọ usoro iwu subunits na peptide adịghị arụ ọrụ dị ka mkpali ka anya dị ka usoro iwu obodo maka protomer mmasị a anọ mara ụlọikwuu molekul. Nke a na-eme mgbanwe nke gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke usoro iwu ndi na-edozi, nke na-eduga ná ntọhapụ nke abụọ catalytic ọrụ protein ahụ, i.e. dissociation protomers. Ọ bụrụ na iche iche site na usoro iwu subunits nke mara ụlọikwuu molekul, protein kinez-adịghị ejekwa ozi mgbagwoju ọzọ eweghachi a tetramer, ka emee Association catalytic na usoro iwu peptide ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ụzọ ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ tụlere n'elu-enye ha reversible okike.

Chemical ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ

N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ ma na-amụ ndị a tuputa usoro nke ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. The usoro nke ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ na nke a nwere ndị na-esonụ ụdị: amino acid residues nke enzyme nwere OH ^-, ịgbanwe ha chemical mgbanwe ruru n'ebe fosfoproteinfosfataz. Na nke a, mgbazi amenable ka nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị nke enzyme, agaghi asu enzymes n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ ọ na-rụọ ọrụ ha na ndị ọzọ - inhibitory. fosfoproteinfosfataz catalytic Njirimara onwe ha na-usoro homonụ n'aka. Dị ka ihe atụ, anụmanụ starch - glycogen - na abụba ke n'etiti nri na-agbajikwa ala na eriri afọ tract, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem, na duodenum n'okpuru nduzi nke glucagon - pancreatic enzyme.

Usoro a na-enwekwukwa phosphorylation nke trophic eriri afọ enzymes. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike oge nke mgbaze mgbe nri abatakwa si afo n'ime duodenum, glucagon njikọ na-enwekwukwa. Insulin - otu pancreatic enzyme emepụta site Alfa sel nke ntakịrị àgwàetiti nke Langerhans, - interacts na ihe nnabata, gụnyere phosphorylation nke otu usoro nke digestive enzymes.

ele mmadụ anya n'ihu proteolysis

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, na ọkwa nke ụkpụrụ nke enzyme na-eme cell dị iche iche. N'ihi na enzymes na na-abụghị na cytosol ma ọ bụ organelles (ọbara plasma ma ọ bụ na eriri afọ tract), na usoro nke ebighị bụ usoro nke hydrolysis nke peptide nkekọ CO-NH. Ọ na-achọrọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị dị otú ahụ enzymes na-synthesized na-adịghị ejekwa ozi ụdị. Molekul na-rapara site enzyme peptide òkè na ndị fọdụrụnụ bụ isiokwu mgbanwe nke Ọdịdị nke nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị. Nke a na-eduga ná eziokwu ahụ bụ na enzyme "na-agụnye a na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ", nke ahụ bụ, bụ ike imetụta N'ezie nke chemical usoro. Ka ihe atụ, na-adịghị ejekwa enzyme pancreatic trypsinogen bụghị cleaves edozi nri abanye duodenum. Ọ na-ewe ebe n'okpuru edinam nke enteropeptidase proteolysis. Mgbe nke enzyme na-arụ ọrụ na a na-ugbu a na-akpọ trypsin. Ele Mmadụ Anya n'Ihu proteolysis - usoro bụ reversible. Ọ na-adị na ikpe dị ka ebighị nke enzymes na gbarie polypeptides na ọbara clotting.

Ọrụ nke ịta nke na-amalite ihe na cell metabolism

Regulation nke ọrụ nke enzyme mkpụrụ nnweta anya obere na kọntaktị sobtaitel "multienzyme mgbagwoju." Ọnụego catalytic Jeremaya mere eme na ọtụtụ nkebi, bụ ukwuu dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri nke na-amalite ihe onwunwe bụ na hyaloplasm mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ organelles. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị na-agba nke metabolic ụzọ bụ ihe ra nrata nye ịta nke na-amalite ihe. The ibu reactant ụmụ irighiri emi odude ke cytosol, na elu na-agba nke niile ụdi chemical Jeremaya mere.

allosteric iwu

Enzymes onye ọrụ a na-achịkwa bụghị naanị site na ịta nke na-amalite ihe, reagents, kamakwa effector bekee, ji otú a na-akpọ allosteric iwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a enzymes na-n'ihu na n'etiti ngwaahịa nke metabolism na cell. N'ihi na effectors na emejuputa atumatu ụkpụrụ nke enzyme ọrụ. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ gosiri na ndị a ogige, na-akpọ allosteric enzymes ndị dị oké mkpa maka metabolism nke mkpụrụ ndụ, dị ka ha na-enwe oké elu uche na mgbanwe ya homeostasis. Ọ bụrụ na ndị enzyme egbochi chemical mmeghachi omume, ie ọ na-ebelata ya ọsọ - ọ na-akpọ a na-adịghị mma effector (inhibitor). Na-abụghị ikpe, mgbe e nwere ihe na-abawanye na mmeghachi omume ọnụego, ọ na-abịakwute activator - a mma effector. Ọtụtụ mgbe na-amalite ihe, i.e. na reactants abanye chemical interactions kpata activators. N'ezie, ngwaahịa kpụrụ multistage Jeremaya mere na-akpa àgwà dị ka inhibitors. Nke a na ụdị iwu wuru na mmekọrịta nke ịta nke reactants na ngwaahịa, na-akpọ heterotrophic.