N'ọrụ saịtị nke enzyme: Ọdịdị, Njirimara. Onye chọpụtara n'ọrụ na saịtị nke enzyme? Gịnị a na-akpọ nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị nke enzyme?

Anyị na niile nụrụ nke enzymes, ma ọ bụ eleghi anya na onye ọ bụla nke anyị juputara ma kpọmkwem otú a bekee na-mere ndokwa, na ihe mere ha ji na-mkpa. Isiokwu a ga-enyere ịghọta ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke enzymes (enzymes) n'ozuzu ha, na ha nọ n'ọrụ emmepe karịsịa.

History research

Na 1833, French mmiri ọgwụ Anselme Payen mata na akọwa Njirimara nke enzyme amylase.

A afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, Louis Pasteur, ịmụ akakabarede nke shuga n'ókè n'ime mmanya metụtara yist, gosiri na nke a usoro bụ n'ihi na ọgwụ na-eme ka yist.

Ná ngwụsị nke XIX na narị afọ physiologist Villi Kyune mbụ chepụtara okwu "enzyme".

German Eduard Buchner na 1897 kwuru na na kọwara zymase - enzyme mgbagwoju na catalyzes na ntughari nke sucrose n'ime ethanol mmeghachi omume. Na ọdịdị zymase dị ukwuu na yist.

Ọ na-amaghị mgbe na onye meghere n'ọrụ saịtị nke enzyme. Nke a chọpụtara na-otoro na Nobel Laureate mmiri ọgwụ Edaurdu Buchner, American bayoloji James Sumner na ndị ọzọ maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na-amụ enzymatic catalysis.

General ọmụma banyere enzymes

Cheta na enzyme - bekee nke protein agwa, nke ịrụ ọrụ na ndụ ntule akpali nke chemical Jeremaya mere. The enzyme nwere òkè nke na-adịghị kpọmkwem na-akụkụ na ya, eruba n'ime mmeghachi omume na-enye ihe-arụsi ọrụ ike n'etiti enzyme.

Lee ụfọdụ n'ime ihe Njirimara nke enzymes:

1) arụmọrụ. A obere ego nke mkpali zuru ezu iji mee ngwangwa a chemical mmeghachi omume na 10 ⁶ ugboro.

2) Specificity. Otu enzyme abụghị eluigwe na ala mkpali nke ọ bụla mmeghachi omume na cell. N'ihi na enzyme owụt specificity nke edinam: onye ọ bụla enzyme catalyzes naanị otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ yiri Jeremaya mere na substrates (na reactant ndepụta), ma ndị ọzọ chemical reagents maka otu ọdịdị, na enzyme nwere ike na-abaghị uru. Mmekọrịta kwesịrị ekwesị substrates na n'ihu osooso nke mmeghachi omume na-enye ihe-arụsi ọrụ ike n'etiti enzyme.

3) Clear Ọrụ. The enzyme na-eme cell na-agbanwe mgbe nile si ala elu.

4) Ịta nke ụfọdụ enzymes na cell bụghị mgbe nile na ike ịdị iche dabere na mpụga ọnọdụ. Dị otú ahụ enzymes na usoro ndu akpọ inducible.

nhazi ọkwa nke enzymes

Na ya Ọdịdị, na enzymes nwere ike kere n'ime dị mfe ma dikwa mgbagwojuanya. Simple iso nanị nke amino acid residues, bụ mgbagwoju na-abụghị protein ìgwè nke bekee. Mgbagwoju na-akpọ coenzymes.

Site ụdị enzyme catalysed Jeremaya mere na-ekewa n'ime:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze redox Jeremaya mere).

2) Transferases (zigara iche iche iche iche nke atọm).

3) Lyases (gārapara n'aru chemical agbụ).

4) lipase (njikọ ụdị na Jeremaya mere n'ihi na ike nke ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut Jeremaya mere interconversion nke isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze chemical Jeremaya mere site mgbaze na agbụ).

Structure enzyme

Enzyme - a mgbagwoju atọ akụkụ Ọdịdị, nke na-emi esịnede tumadi amino acid residues. Ọzọkwa, e nwere a prosthetic otu - a akụrụngwa nke na-abụghị protein agwa, ndị a na-amino acid residues.

Enzymes - tumadi globular na-edozi na ike ga-achọkwa na mgbagwoju usoro. Dị ka ndị ọzọ proteinaceous bekee, enzymes na-denatured site na ịba ụba nke okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ site n'ebe ụfọdụ ọgwụ. N'oge denaturation dịgasị tertiary enzyme Ọdịdị na otú Njirimara nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke enzymes. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, enzyme ọrụ mbelata n'ike n'ike.

Catalyzed mkpụrụ bụ na-emekarị nnọọ obere karịa enzyme onwe ya. Ihe kacha enzyme mejupụtara iri isii amino acid residues, na ya-arụsi ọrụ center - na abụọ.

E nwere enzymes catalytic saịtị amino asịd nke na-adịghị anọchite anya ya, na ihe organic prosthetic otu, ma ọ bụ (ọzọ mgbe) inorganic si - cofactor.

Echiche nke nọ n'ọrụ saịtị

Naanị a obere akụkụ nke enzyme gbasakwara chemical Jeremaya mere. Nke a na akụkụ nke enzyme a na-akpọ nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị. N'ọrụ saịtị nke enzyme - a lipid, a ole na ole amino acid residues ma ọ bụ prosthetic otu, nke na-ejikọ na a mkpụrụ na catalyzes mmeghachi omume. The amino acid residues nke nọ n'ọrụ saịtị ahụ nwere ike nke ọ bụla amino asịd - pola, nonpolar, ebubo, aromatic uncharged.

N'ọrụ enzyme center (a lipid, amino asịd na ndị ọzọ na bekee ike iwe iwe na reagents) - akụkụ kasị mkpa nke enzyme, na-enweghị ndị a bekee ga-abaghị uru.

A, enzyme molekul nwere nanị otu saịtị, ịkọ ndị otu ma ọ bụ karịa yiri reagents. The amino acid residues nke nọ n'ọrụ center kpụrụ hydrogen, hydrophobic ma ọ bụ covalent agbụ, akpụ ihe enzyme-mkpụrụ mgbagwoju.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ n'ọrụ center

N'ọrụ saịtị nke enzymes, mfe ma dị mgbagwoju bụ a n'akpa uwe ma ọ bụ oghere. Nke a na Ọdịdị nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke enzyme ga-akparịrị geometrically na electrostatically mkpụrụ, ebe a mgbanwe ke tertiary Ọdịdị nke ahụ enzyme nwere ike na-agbanwe ihe-arụsi ọrụ ike na saịtị.

Adịgide adịgide na catalytic center - ebe nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke enzyme. N'ụzọ doro anya, na-adịgide adịgide na saịtị "ndenye ego" mkpụrụ ndakọrịta, na-ejikọta ya na ya, na catalytic center na-na abuana ke mmeghachi omume.

Nkịtị nke nọ n'ọrụ center nke mkpụrụ

Iji-akọwa otú nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị nke enzyme metụtara na a akpan akpan reagent, ọtụtụ ihe e kwurula na e chọrọ. The kasị ewu ewu na nke ha - Fisher nke ozizi, ọ bụ ozizi "mkpọchi na isi". Fisher aro na e nwere ihe enzyme kwesịrị ruru eru onye ọ bụla mkpụrụ na ya na ahụ na chemical Njirimara. Mgbe e guzobere ọ bụla mgbanwe adịghị ime enzyme-mkpụrụ mgbagwoju.

Ọzọ American ọkà mmụta - Daniel Koshland - kwukwara Fisher mwere nke ozizi na-arụsi ọrụ ike na saịtị nke enzyme nwere ike ịgbanwe ha conformation ka ogologo dị ka adịghị dabara a akpan akpan mkpụrụ.

The kinetics nke enzymatic Jeremaya mere

Atụmatụ enzymatic mmeghachi omume na-amụ ihe banyere mmiri ọgwụ onwe oru - enzyme kinetics. Nke a akpan akpan sayensị ọmụmụ nke ndị Jeremaya mere dị iche iche na kasịnụ nke enzymes na substrates, ndị na nduzi nke mmeghachi omume ọnụego na okpomọkụ n'ime cell na Njirimara nke nọ n'ọrụ na saịtị nke enzymes dabere na anụ ahụ na chemical parameters nke ọkara.

Enzyme kinetics arụ ọrụ echiche dị otú ahụ dị ka mmeghachi omume ọnụego, ebighị ike, ebighị mgbochi, molekụla ọrụ, kpọmkwem ọrụ na ndị ọzọ. Tụlee ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a echiche.

Na e nwere a ndu mmeghachi omume, reagents mkpa ka ịnyefe ụfọdụ ike. Nke a ume a na-akpọ ebighị ike.

Na mgbakwunye na nke enzyme na reactants iji belata ebighị ike. Ụfọdụ bekee eme na-enweghị òkè nke enzymes, ebe ọ bụ na ebighị ume dị elu. The mmeghachi omume ịha anaghị ịgbanwee na mgbakwunye na nke enzyme.

The mmeghachi omume ọnụego - ego nke mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa pụtara ma ọ bụ n'anya n'ime unit oge.

Aṅụrụma nke mmeghachi omume ike ọsọ na mkpụrụ ịta dimensionless anụ buru ibu e ji mara - Michaelis mgbe nile.

Molekụla Arụ Ọrụ - ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na ghọrọ ka otu molekul nke enzyme kwa unit oge.