Gịnị bụ enzymes

Ọ bụla dị ndụ organism - ọ bụ a zuru okè usoro, nke na minit ọ bụla e nwere ihe ọ bụla chemical Jeremaya mere. Ndị a Filiks nwere ike ime na-enweghị òkè nke enzymes. Ya mere, ihe na-enzymes? Gịnị bụ ọrụ ha ná ndụ nke organism? Gịnị ka ha bụ? Gịnị bụ usoro nke ha na-akpata? N'okpuru ebe a bụ azịza niile ajụjụ ndị a.

Gịnị bụ enzymes?

Enzymes, ma ọ bụ, dị ka ha na-akpọ, enzymes na protein okụre. Nke a biologically ifịk bekee, nke na-eme ka akpali nke chemical Jeremaya mere. N'ezie, ọrụ nke enzymes siri ike overestimate, n'ihi na enweghị ha nwere ike ime na ihe ọ bụla usoro na a bi cell na dum organism.

Okwu ahụ bụ "enzyme" e mere atụmatụ na narị afọ nke 17 a ma ama mmiri ọgwụ Helmont. Na ọ bụ ezie na oké ọkà mmụta nke oge ghọtara na anụ na-gbarie na ọnụnọ nke gastric ihe ọṅụṅụ, na starch site asu oge izu ala mfe ilekwata shuga, ọ dịghị onye maara ihe ya e mere site yiri Filiks. Ma ná mmalite narị afọ nke 19, Kirchhoff mbụ chọpụtara site asọ enzymes - amylase. A afọ ole na ole gasịrị, ọ kọwara gastric pepsin. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke enzymology malitere ifịk ifịk ịzụlite.

Gịnị bụ enzymes? Njirimara na usoro nke edinam

N'ihi na a mmalite na ọ bụ uru arịba ama na niile enzymes na ndi na-edozi ma dị ọcha n'ụdị ma ọ bụ protein mgbagwoju. Ka ụbọchị, ndị ghọtara amino acid usoro nke ọtụtụ ndị enzymes nke ahụ mmadụ.

Isi ihe onwunwe nke enzymes - a elu specificity. Onye ọ bụla enzyme nwere ike catalyze naanị otu ụdị mmeghachi omume. Ka ihe atụ, proteolytic enzymes nwere ike na-arapara n'ahụ linkages n'etiti amino acid residues nke protein molekul. Mgbe ụfọdụ, otu mkpụrụ (ihe ikpughe enzyme) pụrụ imetụta ọtụtụ structurally yiri enzymes.

Otú ọ dị, enzyme nwere ike kpọmkwem bụghị nanị na mmeghachi omume, ma na-na ikwu na mkpụrụ. The kasị otu specificity nke enzymes. Nke a pụtara na a na-enzyme pụrụ imetụta naanị na ụfọdụ ndị substrates nwere a yiri Ọdịdị.

Ma, mgbe ụfọdụ, e na-akpọ zuru specificity. Nke a pụtara na enzyme nwere ike eke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na saịtị nke naanị otu mkpụrụ. N'ezie, na uwa nke a specificity bụ obere. Ma ka ihe atụ, anyị nwere ike icheta enzyme urease, nke nwere ike na catalyze na hydrolysis nke urea.

Ugbu a, anyị hụrụ na ndị dị otú enzymes. Ma ndị a bekee nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ dị iche iche. Ya mere, ha na-na-nkewa.

nhazi ọkwa nke enzymes

Modern sayensị maara karịa abụọ na puku abụọ enzymes, ma nke a abụghị kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ. N'ihi na kwukwara na mma, ha na-ekewa n'ime isii isi dị iche iche, dabere na catalyzed mmeghachi omume.

• Oxidoreductases - a ìgwè nke enzymes na-ekere òkè na redox Jeremaya mere. Na-emekarị, ha na-eme ma donors ma ọ bụ acceptors nke electrons na hydrogen ion. Ndị a enzymes ndị dị oké mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na Filiks abuana ke cell metabolism na mitochondrial respiration.
• Transferase - enzymes na-abuana ke nyefe nke atọm dị iche iche si otu mkpụrụ ọzọ. Itinye Aka na etiti metabolism.
• Lyase - dị enzymes ike nke na-arapara na mkpụrụ si atọm dị iche iche na-enweghị a hydrolytic mmeghachi omume. N'ozuzu, dị ka a N'ihi nke a usoro na-emepụta a mmiri molekul ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide.
• Hydrolase - enzyme na catalyzes na hydrolytic cleavage nke mkpụrụ na ojiji nke a mmiri molekul.
• Isomerase - dị ka aha na-atụ aro, ndị a enzymes catalyze na ntughari nke okwu site na otu isomeric ụdị ọzọ.
• Ligases - enzymes na catalyze na sịntetik mmeghachi omume.

Dị ka a pụrụ hụrụ, enzymes - a bụ nnọọ mkpa maka ahụ ihe onwunwe, na-enweghị nke na Filiks nke ndụ bụ nanị agaghị ekwe omume.