Ozizi electrolytic dissociation. A mfe nkọwa nke mgbagwoju Filiks

Na okwu bụ "ndị electrolytic dissociation" ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ site na mbubreyo iri na itoolu na narị afọ. Ya anya, anyị na-ụgwọ site Swedish mmiri ọgwụ Arrhenius. Arụ ọrụ na nsogbu nke electrolyte na 1884-1887 afọ, o webatara ya ịkọwa onu nke ionization na ngwọta na na guzobere gbazee. The usoro nke a onu ya na-kpebiri kọwaa decomposition nke ụmụ irighiri n'ime ion, ọcha na-enwe ebughi ụgwọ.

Ozizi electrolytic dissociation akọwa conductivity nke ụfọdụ ngwọta. Ka ihe atụ, ka potassium chloride bụ ihe e ji mara nke a nnu gbawara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe potassium ion enwe a ụgwọ na a ihe ịrịba ama KCl «plus" (cation) na a chlorine ion, a ụgwọ na a ihe ịrịba ama "mwepu" (anion). Hydrochloric acid HCl gbawara n'ime a cation (hydrogen ion) na ihe anion (chloride ion), a ngwọta nke sodium hydroxide NaHO eduga sodium ion na ihe anion ka hydroxide ion. Isi ndokwa nke ozizi electrolytic dissociation akọwa omume nke ion na-agbanwe agbanwe. Dị ka a Ozizi, ha akpali nnọọ kpam kpam n'ime ihe ngwọta, na ọbụna a obere dobe nke ihe ngwọta na-akwado site na a edo nkesa nke oppositely ebubo eletriki ebubo.

Ozizi guzobe electrolytic dissociation nke electrolytes na okenye agbanwe agbanwe kọwara dị ka ndị a. Ọdịdị nke free ion na-egosi na mbibi nke ndị na crystal lattice ihe onwunwe. Nke a usoro site dissolving umi na mmiri na-enwe mmetụta na mmetụta nke pola mgbaze ụmụ irighiri (anyị na atụ anyị na-atụle mmiri). Ya mere, ha na-enwe ike iji belata ike nke electrostatic mma dị n'etiti ion na crystal lattice saịtị, n'ihi ion na-agafere na free ije nke ngwọta. The free ion tinye na gburugburu ebe obibi nke pola mmiri ụmụ irighiri. Nke a shei forms ha gburugburu, ozizi electrolytic dissotsiatsiinazyvaet hydrated.

Ma ozizi electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius akọwa guzobe electrolytes bụghị naanị na ngwọta. The crystal lattice pụrụ ibibi n'okpuru nduzi nke okpomọkụ. Kpo oku na crystal, anyị na-enweta mmetụta nke ufiop oscillations nke ion na lattice saịtị, nke nta nke nta na-eduga na mbibi nke ndị na crystal na ntoputa nke gbazee kpamkpam esịnede ion.

Alọghachi ngwọta na-atụle iche iche ihe onwunwe nke a umi, nke anyị na-akpọ a mgbaze. The kasị mara nnọchiteanya nke ezinụlọ a bụ mmiri. The isi mma bụ ọnụnọ nke dipole irighiri, i.e. mgbe otu onye na njedebe nke molekul na-ghaghị ebubo na ndị ọzọ na-ezighị ezi. The mmiri molekul n'ụzọ zuru ezu osobo ndị a chọrọ, ma mmiri abụghị naanị na ihe mgbaze.

The usoro nwere ike ime ka electrolytic dissociation na-abụghị okenye pola solvents, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mmiri mmiri sọlfọ dioxide, mmiri mmiri amonia, na otú pụta. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ mmiri na enyene isi ohere na usoro isiokwu a n'ihi na nke ihe onwunwe nke ebelata (igbari) na electrostatic mma na-ebibi crystalline lattice egosi karịsịa na-egbuke egbuke. Ya mere, na-ekwu banyere ihe ngwọta, anyị pụtara na ọ bụ otu okenye mmiri mmiri.

A ọma na-amụ Njirimara nke electrolytes kwere ịkwaga echiche nke ike na ogo dissociation. N'okpuru ogo dissociation nke electrolyte a pụtara ruru nke dissociated ụmụ irighiri ha ọnụ ọgụgụ. Gaje Ịbụ electrolytes, a ọnụọgụ àmà site efu ka otu, na ogo dissociation, nke bụ hà efu, na-egosi na anyị na-emeso ndị na-abụghị electrolytes. Na-abawanye na ogo nke dissociation nke a mmetụta dị mma na-amụba okpomọkụ nke ihe ngwọta.

Electrolytes ike na-ekpebi ogo dissociation, nyere a mgbe nile ịta na okpomọkụ. Strong electrolytes nwere a ogo dissociation, na-eru nso n'otu. Ọ dị mma soluble salts, alkalis, asịd.

Ozizi electrolytic dissociation o kwe omume na-akọwa a sara mbara phenomena, nke na-amụ ke kpuchie nke physics, onwu, physiology nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, usoro iwu electrochemistry.