Ejegharịrị: isi ụzọ

Petroleum na ikuku, ndị a pụrụ iche minerals, bụ isi na isi mmalite nke hydrocarbons. Mmanụ - a mgbagwoju ngwakọta nke hydrocarbons na ndị ọzọ ogige. Ejegharịrị arụpụta ngwaahịa nke na-ahụ n'ọrụ na niile ndi nke ụlọ ọrụ, na ume, na oru ubi na ezinụlọ.

The crude mmanụ iche n'ime mmiri site mfe fractional distillation na agụụ. The mejupụtara nke enwetara fractions na-adabere na ndị mejupụtara nke mbụ crude mmanụ.

Ejegharịrị na-aga ọtụtụ nkebi: fractional esi, ịgbazigharị, cracking na sọlfọ ọgwụgwọ.

Fractional distillation bụ nke mbụ nhazi nzọụkwụ, bụ nke kewara ya na ya nweta, gas, ìhè, na-ajụ na arọ mmanụ. N'ihi ya, isi nhazi nke mmanụ na-enye ohere ka ozugbo mata ihe bara uru ụmụ irighiri ihe.

• The gas nta bụ mfe unbranched hydrocarbons: butane, propane ma ethane.
• Mmanụ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ ìhè nta - a ngwakọta nke dị iche iche ìhè hydrocarbons, gụnyere branched na unbranched alkanes.
• Mmanụ fọdụrụ mgbe distillation nke ndị ọzọ niile na-aga n'ihu ụmụ irighiri ihe.

Ọzọkwa ukpụhọde na mere cracking. N'ihi ya, ọ a gbawara crude mmanụ macromolecular ogige n'ime nta, ala mmiri ịgbọ agbọ fractions bụ ahụkarị. Nke a bụ otu ihe dị mkpa usoro nke nhazi na-eme ka o kwe omume iji nweta ihe ọzọ ego nke ala-na-esi na mmanụ ala fractions, mkpa nke, karịsịa na mmanụ ụgbọala, Wezuga elu.

• The ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ọtụtụ ụdị nke cracking: catalytic, kwes na ịgbazigharị. Na thermal cracking nke elu molekụla ibu ogige nke arọ mmanụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbajikwa ala n'ime ala molekụla ibu n'okpuru okpomọkụ. Ejegharịrị site ma thermal cracking na catalytic amịrị a ngwakọta nke unsaturated na jupụta hydrocarbons. Na Nlereanya octadecane cracking usoro nwere ike kọwara nke usoro:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Na okpomọkụ ruo 1000 ° C na-akpata thermal decomposition nke elu-molekụla mmanụ, si otú na-amị a n'ụzọ ìhè alkenes na aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Catalytic cracking na-ewe ke dịtụ ala okpomọkụ, nke na-mkpali bụ ngwakọta nke alumina na silica. Ọzọkwa na nke a ngwakọta nke jupụta na unsaturated hydrocarbons. Anụcha usoro a na-iji na-emepụta elu àgwà mmanụ ụgbọala.
• Ịgbazigharị mgbanwe Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri na-agwakọta ha n'ime ibu n'anya. N'oge ala-edu ala molekụla ibu mmanụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbanwe, akpan akpan elu-ọkwa mmanụ ụgbọala nta.

Natural na metụtara, haruru - a ngwakọta nke methane (90% site na olu) na ya ezigbo homologues, nakwa dị ka obere adịghị.

The isi ọrụ nke nhazi gas - ẹdude n'ime n'ịtụgharị jupụta hydrocarbons na unsaturated, nke nwere ike mgbe e mesịrị na-eji na chemical njikọ.

N'ihi ya, mmanụ na gas nhazi-enyere nnọọ nnukwu iche nke dị iche iche mmanụ ngwaahịa, nke bụ n'ihi nke chemical njikọ amama a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke bekee na-eji a dịgasị iche iche nke ndi.