Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m: mmepe na-agwọ

The adịkwa mba Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m nwetara a oké akụ na ụba na-elekọta mmadụ nsogbu. The obodo a kwaturu ọchịchị ndị eze, na n'ọnọdu-ya wee nke Republic, a na-akpọ Weimar. Nke a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị usoro kere ruo 1933, mgbe ndị Nazi wee ike, edu Adolf Hitler.

November mgbanwe

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1918 Kaiser si Germany bụ na verge nke meriri na First World War. The mba gwụrụ site awụfu ọbara. The ọha mmadụ ogologo matured enweghị afọ ojuju na ndị ọchịchị Wilhelm II. Ọ rụpụtara na November mgbanwe, bụ nke malitere na November 4 na nsogbu nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na Kiel. More na nso nso, e nwere ihe ndị yiri ya na Russia, ebe ọtụtụ narị afọ onyeeze nke dara. Otu ihe ahụ mere na ọgwụgwụ, na Germany.

November 9 na Prime Minister Maksimilian Badensky mara ọkwa na njedebe nke ọbubu-eze nke Wilhelm II, esesịn furu efu na-achịkwa ihe na-eme na mba. Chancelo agafere ya ikike iwu nke Friedrich Ebert Foundation na ekpe Berlin. The ọhụrụ isi nke ọchịchị bụ otu n'ime ndị ndú nke na-ewu ewu German na-elekọta mmadụ-onye kwuo uche ije na SPD (Social Democratic Party nke Germany). Na otu ụbọchị a mara ọkwa na nguzobe nke Republic.

The esemokwu na Entente n'ezie kwụsịrị. November 11 na Kompenskom ọhịa na Picardy nkwekorita e banyere, nke akpatre kwụsịrị ndị na-awụfu ọbara. Ugbu a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke Europe bụ nke dị n'aka na-ekwuchitere mba. Malitere unofficial mkparita uka na nkwadebe maka a nnukwu ogbako. The N'ihi nke a niile na-eme bụ Treaty nke Versailles, aka n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1919. Na ọnwa ole na ole na tupu ọgwụgwụ nke nkwekọrịta, Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m nwetara a otutu esịtidem dị ịrịba ama mere.

Spartacist nsogbu

Ọ bụla mgbanwe na-eduga ná a ike agụụ, nke na-agbalị na-a dịgasị iche iche nke ndị agha, na November mgbanwe n'echiche a, ọ dịghị ma e wezụga. Ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọdịda nke ọchịchị ndị eze na njedebe nke agha na Berlin dara agha n'etiti agha-eguzosi ike n'ihe ndị ọchịchị na-akwado nke Communist Party. Adịbeghị anya chọrọ iwu na obodo nke Soviet Republic. Key ike na nke a ije bụ Spartacus League na ya kasị ama òtù: Karl Liebknecht na Roza Lyuksemburg.

January 5, 1919, ndị Kọmunist haziri a iku na kpuchie dum Berlin. Ọ dịghị anya ya na-eto n'ime ihe agha nnupụisi. Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m bụ a enwu enwu cauldron nke adabaghị a dịgasị iche iche nke ọnọdụ na echiche. Spartacist nsogbu nọ na-egbu nwunye nke a see okwu. A izu gasịrị, arụmọrụ mesịrị bụrụ ndị meriri ndị agha nọsiri ike elebara Government. January 15 Karl Liebknecht e gburu Roza Lyuksemburg.

Bavarian Soviet Republic

The na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nsogbu Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ rụpụtara ọzọ isi nsogbu nke na-akwado nke Marxism. Na April 1919, ndị ọchịchị na Bavaria so Bavarian Soviet Republic, na-ekiri megide gọọmenti etiti. Government gawa site ya Communist Evgeny Levin.

The Soviet Republic haziri ya Red Army. N'ihi na a mgbe ọ na-ebu nsogbu ndị agha gọọmenti, ma mgbe a izu ole na ole ọ e meriri na gbaghachi azụ na Munich. The ikpeazụ eri ego nke nnupu isi e-ewute ya site May 5. Se Iketịbede ke Bavaria dugara uka asị nke ekpe-nku echiche na-akwado nke ọhụrụ mgbanwe. The eziokwu na e nwere ndị Juu, rụpụtara na a-efegharị efegharị nke mgbochi-Semitism na isi nke ndị Soviet Republic. Na ndị a ndị mmadụ na malitere ịkụ buu mba, gụnyere ndị na-akwado nke Hitler.

Weimar n'usoro ochichi

A ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Spartacist nsogbu na n'oge 1919, n'ozuzu ntuli aka e ẹkenịmde, nke a họpụtara na mejupụtara nke Weimar National Assembly. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na mgbe nri votu maka oge mbụ natara a German nwaanyị. The mbụ Constituent Assembly gbakọtara 6 February. The dum mba gbasochiri ihe na-eme na obere Thuringian obodo nke Weimar.

The isi ọrụ nke ndị mmadụ na-anọchite anya na doo nke a iwu ọhụrụ. Nkwadebe nke bụ isi iwu nke Germany mere levoliberal Hugo Preiss, bụ onye mechara ghọọ Reich Minister nke Interior. Oruru nwere onye kwuo uche-ndabere na dị nnọọ iche si Kaiser. Na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ a ikwere n'etiti dị iche iche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agha nke ekpe na nri nku.

Act akọwaputa a Omeiwu ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na a na-elekọta mmadụ na-emesapụ aka na ikike ụmụ amaala ya. Isi omebe iwu ahụ nke Reichstag a họpụtara maka afọ anọ. O weere ala mmefu ego na ike agbanwe site ọnọdụ nke isi nke ochichi (chancelo), nakwa dị ka ọ bụla na-eje ozi.

Recovery na Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ ike ga-enweta enweghị mma-arụ ọrụ ma na mma-ezi usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, iwu ẹkenam a ọhụrụ isi nke ala - Reich President. Ọ bụ ya na-họpụtara isi nke ọchịchị na natara ikike igbari nzuko omeiwu. Reich president hoputara na ntụli aka na 7-afọ okwu.

Isi nke mbụ nke ọhụrụ Germany bụ Friedrich Ebert. Ọ ẹkenịmde a ọnọdụ 1919-1925 gg. Weimar oruru, nke tọrọ ntọala maka mba ọhụrụ, e kuchiri site Constituent Assembly na 31 July. Reich president bịanye aka na ya na August 11. Nke a ụbọchị e kwuru a mba ezumike na Germany. The ọhụrụ ọchịchị a na-akpọ Weimar Republic na nsọpụrụ nke obodo ebe gafere ịrịba constituent nzukọ na n'usoro ochichi nke e. Nke a kwuo uche ọchịchị kere si 1919 na 1933. Malite ọ tọrọ November mgbanwe ke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ, e kpochapụrụ ndị Nazi.

The nkwekorita nke Versailles

Ka ọ dịgodị, n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1919 na France chikọta-ekwuchitere mba gburugburu ụwa. Ha zutere ekeneme na-ekpebi ihe ga-Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ. The Treaty nke Versailles, nke ghọrọ n'ihi nke a ogologo mkpakorita usoro, e banyere on 28 June.

Isi adian nke akwụkwọ ndị dị ka ndị a. France natara site Germany ụka n'ógbè Alsace na Lorraine, furu efu ya mgbe agha na Prussia na 1870. Belgium gara ókè distrikti Eupen na Malmedy. Poland e nyere ala Pomerania na Poznan. Danzig ghọrọ a free obodo-anọpụ iche. The mmeri ike were akara nke Baltic Memel ebe. Na 1923, e zigara ya a na-adịbeghị anya onwe ha Lithuania.

Na 1920, ka a N'ihi nke na-ewu ewu plebiscites Denmark natara akụkụ nke Schleswig, na Poland - a mpempe Upper Silesia. Obere akụkụ ya nile na-agafere n'akụkụ Czechoslovakia. N'otu oge, site na a votu nke Germany nọgidere n'ebe ndịda nke East Prussia. The adịkwa mba na-ekwe nkwa nnwere onwe nke Austria, Poland na Czechoslovakia. The n'ókèala Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m gbanwere n'echiche na mba ka furu efu niile Kaiser chịrị n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.

Emeli na idozi

Esịnede German ekpe mben Rhine n'okpuru demilitarization. Agha ike agaghịkwa gafere akara nke 100 puku ndị mmadụ. Ọ abolishes ịrụ ọrụ agha. Ọtụtụ ma mikpuru warships e zigara mmeri mba. Ọzọkwa, Germany agaghịzi enwe a oge a na armored ugbo ala na ọgụ ugbo elu.

Reparations si Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m dịrị 269 ijeri akara, nke nhata dị 100 puku tọn gold. N'ihi ya, o nwere na-na-akwụ onye na-emebi ahụhụ site na Allied mba ndị dị ka a N'ihi nke a afọ anọ mkpọsa. A pụrụ iche ọrụ e guzobere iji chọpụta chọrọ ego.

The German aku na uba mgbe Agha Ụwa m tara ahụhụ dị ukwuu si reparations. Ịkwụ ụgwọ depleted emebi obodo. Ọ na-adịghị ọbụna aka site eziokwu na na 1922 , ndị Soviet Russia ajụla reparations, ịgbanwe ha maka nnabata ya na nationalization nke German onwunwe na e guzobere ọhụrụ Soviet Union. N'oge nile ọ dị, ndị Weimar Republic na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ na-kwetara ego. Mgbe Hitler wee ike, o mere na kwụsịrị ego enyefe. Ugwo nke reparations e ọhụrụ na 1953 na mgbe ahụ, ọzọ - na 1990, mgbe ịdị n'otu nke obodo. N'ikpeazụ reparations si Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m ugwo naanị na 2010.

na-alụ ọgụ

Ọ dịghị udo mgbe agha na Germany abịaghị. The ọha mere ihe wutere ha n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ ya, ya mgbe niile hapụrụ na nri buu agha, ndị na-achọ ndị sabo na culprits nke nsogbu. The German aku na uba mgbe Agha Ụwa-apụghị weghachiri eweghachi n'ihi mgbe nile etiwapụ nke ọrụ.

Na March 1920, e nwere Kapp putsch. The nwara kuu fọrọ nke nta mere ka-ebibi ndị nile nke Weimar Republic na n'afọ nke abụọ nke ya adị. Part dị ka Treaty nke Versailles disbanded ndị agha mutinied na jide ọchịchị ụlọ na Berlin. Society gbawara n'etiti. Ziri ezi ike kpọpụrụ na Stuttgart, ebe a na-akpọ ndị mmadụ na-na-akwado kuu na hazie etiwapụ. N'ihi ya, ndi-nkekọta e meriri, ma akụ na ụba na infrastructural mmepe nke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m ọzọ natara a oké njọ otiti.

N'otu oge ahụ na Ruhr ugwu, bụ ebe e nwere ọtụtụ ndị mines enwere a nnupụisi nke ndị ọrụ. The demilitarized ebe agha na-ẹkenam, megidere mkpebi nke Treaty nke Versailles. Omume ndị mebiri nke nkwekọrịta na French agha banyere na Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Hanau, Homburg, Duisburg na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo.

Foreign agha ọzọ ekpe Germany ke ndaeyo 1920. Otú ọ dị, esemokwu na mmekọahụ na mmeri mba nọgidere. Ọ mere ka ego iwu nke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ. The ọchịchị adịghị na-ezuru ego maka reparations. Omume na-egbu oge na ịkwụ ụgwọ France na Belgium nwere Ruhr ebe. Ụsụụ ndị agha ha di n'ebe 1923-1926 gg.

aku nsogbu

German mba ọzọ amụma mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ nke na-achọta ụfọdụ bara uru imekọ ihe ọnụ. Eduzi ndị a echiche, na 1922 na Weimar Republic bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Soviet Russia Treaty nke Rapallo. Ihe odide a kpọrọ maka mmalite nke diplomatic kọntaktị n'etiti ndị ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ rogue ekwu. Convergence nke Germany na Russian Federation (na mgbe e mesịrị na Soviet Union) mere discontent n'etiti European ikeketeorie mba, leghaara Bolsheviks, na karịsịa ke France. Na 1922,-eyi ọha egwu gburu Walter Rathenau - Minister nke Ọzọ Affairs, haziri bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke nkwekọrịta na Rapallo.

Mpụga nsogbu nke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ tupu esịtidem. N'ihi na ngwá agha nnupụisi, etiwapụ na reparations na mba aku na uba n'ihu akpọrepu n'abis. Na ọchịchị anwaa ịzọpụta ọnọdụ site na ịba ụba ntọhapụ nke ego.

A eke N'ihi nke a iwu bụ onu oriri na uka impoverishment nke ndị bi. The na-eri nke mba ego (akwụkwọ akara) na-abụghị na-akwụsị adalata. Onu oriri na-eto n'ime hyperinflation. Ụgwọ petty isi na ndị nkụzi ụgwọ kilogram nke akwụkwọ ego, ma ịzụta ndị a na ọtụtụ nde ọ dịghị ihe. Ego stoked ọkụ. Poverty dugara ilu. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mgbe e mesịrị gosiri na ọ bụ na-elekọta mmadụ ọgba aghara ekwe na-abịa, ndị ọchịchị na-eji populist slogans mba.

Na 1923, ndị Comintern gbalịrị na-uru nke nsogbu ma hazie anwa a ọhụrụ mgbanwe. Ọ na-emezughị. Center mmegide Kọmunist, na ndị ọchịchị malitere Hamburg. The agha ba n'obodo. The iyi egwu na-abịa bụghị naanị site n'aka ekpe. Mgbe abolition nke Bavarian Soviet Republic of Munich ghọrọ a wusiri ike nke mba na-agbasochi omenala. Na November 1923 na obodo e nwere na a kuu haziri a-eto eto ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Adolf Hitler. Omume ọzọ nnupu isi Ebert Reich president amanye mberede na-achị. Beer Hall Putsch e gburu na ya initiators a nwara. Hitler nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị 9 ọnwa. Alaghachi nnwere onwe, ọ malitere na a mkpu maka na nrigo ike.

"Golden n'afọ iri abụọ"

Hyperinflation ama adọwa nwa Weimar Republic, e mebiri site iwebata a ọhụrụ ego - mgbazinye ụdị. Ego mgbanwe na mbata nke ndị mba ọzọ ego nwayọọ nwayọọ edu mba a echiche, ọ bụ ezie na ụba nke na-alụ ọgụ.

Karịsịa bara uru mmetụta ego si ná mba ndị ọzọ na ụdị nke American mgbazinye ego n'okpuru atụmatụ nke Charles Dawes. N'ime afọ ole na ole mmepe Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa m mere ka a nọworo na-stabilization nke ọnọdụ ahụ. ikwu ọganihu na oge 1924-1929 gg. M na-akpọ "Golden n'afọ iri abụọ".

The mpụga iwu nke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ na afọ ndị ahụ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma. Na 1926, ọ sonyeere League of Nations na ghọrọ a full so obodo nke uwa, kere mgbe ratification nke Treaty nke Versailles. Anyị ịnọgide na-enwe enyi na enyi na USSR. Na 1926, Soviet na German na-ekwuchitere mba bịanyere aka a ọhụrụ Berlin nkwekorita nke na-anọpụ iche na-abụghị ime ihe ike.

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa diplomatic nkwekọrịta ghọrọ Briand mmeko - Kellogg. Nke a na nkwekọrịta, aka ke 1926 site na isi ike ụwa (gụnyere Germany), kwuru na renunciation nke agha dị ka a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ngwá ọrụ. N'ihi ya malitere usoro nke na-eke a usoro nke European mkpokọta nche.

Na 1925 ntuli aka e ẹkenịmde a ọhụrụ Reich President. The isi nke ala bụ General Paul von Hindenburg, bụ ndị na-eyi ahụ n'usoro nke Field Marshal. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ọchịagha nke Kaiser agha n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, gụnyere omume eduzi na n'ihu na East Prussia, ebe na-alụ ọgụ na ndị agha Tsarist Russia bu. Ihapu otutu okwu Hindenburg bụ nnọọ iche na ihapu otutu okwu nke ya ụzọ, Ebert. Old agha ifịk ifịk na-eji populist slogans nke mgbochi socialist na mba agwa. Ndị a gwara ọgwa pụta mere a afọ asaa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmepe nke Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ. E nwere ka ụfọdụ ihe ịrịba ama nke akwusighi. Ka ihe atụ, na nzuko omeiwu bụghị na-eduga na party agha na mmekota ikwere mgbe niile hụrụ onwe ha fọrọ nke nta ida. Deputies na fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla oge adabaghị n'ihe ndị ọchịchị.

The Great ịda mbà n'obi

Na 1929 na US e a ngwaahịa ahịa okuku na Wall Street. N'ihi nke a, ọ kwụsịrị agbazinye mba ọzọ Germany. The aku nsogbu, n'oge na-adịghị na-akpọ Oké Ndakpọ emetụta ụwa nile, kama ọ bụ Weimar Republic ahụhụ si na ya siri ike karịa ndị ọzọ. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya, ebe ọ bụ na mba-enweta a ikwu, ma ọ bụghị ruo ogologo oge kwụsie ike. Akwa Iduọ Ndutịm Uforo ngwa ngwa mere ka ọdịda nke German aku na uba, mebiri mbupụ, uka na-enweghị ọrụ, na ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ.

A ọhụrụ kwuo uche Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na obere, e kpochapụ site ọnọdụ ịgbanwe na ọ na-enweghị ka. Na mba ahụ bụ kpamkpam dabere na US, na US na nsogbu nwere ike ogagh a na-egbu egbu otiti. Otú ọ dị, wụsara mmanụ na ọku, na obodo ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Government, nzuko omeiwu na isi nke ala na mgbe niile na esemokwu na-enweghị ike igosi a nnọọ mkpa na mmekọrịta.

Ihe na-akpata ihe nkoropụ n'etiti ndị bi na ya bụ uto nke radicals. N'ịbụ onye otu Hitler siri ike na-edu, NSDAP (National Socialist German Party) natara ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kwa afọ na ntuli aka dị iche iche. N'etiti ọha mmadụ, arụmụka banyere ịkụ azụ n'azụ, ịrara mmadụ ụgha na izu nzuzo ndị Juu ghọrọ ihe a ma ama. Akpokpo oke iro nke ndi iro a ma ama bu ndi na-eto eto, ndi toro mgbe agha gasiri ma ha amataghi ihe ojoo ya.

Ọbịbịa nke ndị Nazi

Ihe a na-emekarị nke ndị Nazi Party mere ka onye ndú ya bụ Adolf Hitler ghọọ nnukwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị isi gọọmenti na nzuko omeiwu malitere ịchọrọ onye isi mba dị iche iche dị ka onye na-esonye ike ijikọ aka. Ndi ochichi nke Democratic enweghi ike imegide ndi Nazis nile ndi na-enweta mmasi. Ọtụtụ centrists chọrọ ka ha na Hitler. Ndị ọzọ weere ya dị ka obere oge. N'ezie, Hitler abụghị onye a na-achịkwa achịkwa, ma eji amamihe mee ihe ọ bụla ohere iji mee ka ọ mara, ma ọ bụ nsogbu akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nkatọ nke ndị Kọmunist.

Na March 1932, ndị isi oche Reich nọ na-emechi ntuli aka. Hitler kpebiri itinye aka na nhoputa ndi ochichi. Ihe mgbochi nye ya bụ ụmụ amaala Austria. N'abalị nke ntuli aka, Minista ime obodo n'ógbè Braunschweig họpụtara iwu na-akwado ọchịchị ọchịchị Berlin. Omume a mere ka Hitler nweta ụmụ amaala Germany. Na nhoputa ndi ochichi na nke mbu na nke abuo, o weere nke abuo, nke abuo nani Hindenburg.

Onye nke Reichspresident mesoro onye ndú nke ndị Nazi aka na ịkpachara anya. Otú ọ dị, ndị nlekọta ya dị ukwuu na-elezi anya nke isi obodo ahụ, bụ ndị kweere na a gaghị atụ egwu Hitler. Jenụwarị 30, 1930, a na-ahọrọ onye nwe obodo a ma ama Reichskanzlerom - isi nke gọọmentị. Ndi Hindenburg kwenyere na ha nwere ike ijikwa onwa, ma ha ezighi ezi.

N'ezie, na January 30, 1933, ọchịchị ọchịchị Weimar nke ọchịchị onye ọchịchị kwụsịrị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwadoro iwu ndị ahụ "Na Ngwá Ọrụ Ndị Kasị Elu" na "Na Nchebe nke Ndị Mmadụ na Ọchịchị," bụ nke guzobere ọchịchị aka ike nke atọ nke Reich. N'August 1934, mgbe onye okenye Hindenburg nwụsịrị, Hitler ghọrọ Onye nduzi (onye ndú) nke Germany. E kwuru na NSDAP bụ naanị otu ikpe iwu. N'ịleghachi ihe ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Germany maliteghachiri ụzọ nke militarism. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ala ọhụrụ bụ nlọghachị. N'ịbụ ndị agha na agha ikpeazụ, ndị Germany malitere ịkwadebe maka ọbara ọbara ka njọ.