Na ihe afọ bụ mkpakọrịta nke Kiev na Novgorod? Na ijikọta Kiev na Novgorod (obere)

Na ijikọta Kiev na Novgorod, mere na 882, ọ na-ewere dị ka ụbọchị nke guzobe nke Russian ala. Ọ na-ezi na-ewere na nchoputa nke Prince Oleg, deservedly akpọ "amụma", nke ahụ bụ prescient n'ọdịnihu. Ọ bụ nke mbụ na mkpoko nke Russian ala. Smart, ike na ọhụụ, ọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi esịne ke ndepụta 100 oké ọchịagha nke ụwa.

The isi iyi nke ozi

Site dị ịrịba ama na ụbọchị na ihe mere eme nke Russian ala bụ nke afọ 882. The n'otu nke Kiev na Novgorod, abụọ buru ibu na oge nke mmepe nke ahia emmepe nke East Slavic ebo akara mmalite nke a isi mbụ mmepeanya na a ọdịbendị ha pụrụ iche. The isi iyi nke ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ "Akụkọ nke gara Years" (ndị PVL). Nke a bụ ihe mbụ na akukonsinooge. Ọ na-akpọ "oge ochie akukonsinooge" ma ọ bụ "Nestor Chronicle," site na nke ọ nwere ike kwubiri na-ede akwụkwọ nke isi iyi, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na onye mọnk nke Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor (banyere 1056 - 1114), a isi hagiography (ọkà mmụta okpukpe na-amụrụ ndụ nke ndị nsọ) na-edekọ .

Olee otú ọ na niile malitere

Na nke a akukonsinooge nke oge a kọwara na ihe mere eme nke Russian ala na Akwụkwọ Nsọ ugboro 1117. Dị ka IDPs, n'otu mere na Kiev na Novgorod na 882, edu kpara Prince Oleg. Ozugbo ọ dị mkpa banyere nke oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na ihe niile banyere oge ochie Russia. Ma e nwere ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere ihe onyeọbụla nabatara ozi. Ọ maara na Oleg bụ onye ikwu Rurik, ma ọ bụ kama nwunye ya na nwanne - Efanidy. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Ryurika Oleg ghọrọ onye nlekọta nke a obere, Igor, na ya okè - onye na-achị Novgorod. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ezo aka n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'oge ahụ na ajụjụ, Novgorod, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, adịghị. Ọ bụ a nnukwu e wusiri ike ahịa Ladoga na Osimiri Volkhov, mara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Baltic. Rurik mmezi dị na nke ugbu a Novgorod.

The mbụ combiner Russian ala

Na X narị afọ e wusiri ike Detinets e wuru ebe a, na-eweta ọnụ atọ iche iche mmezi. Ma PVL Set 862 dị ka ụbọchị nke mbụ banyere Novgorod, na 1150 ọ na-eme ememe Russian isi ke 2009. The kasị ewu ewu na version kwuru na obodo ahụ, na ọ jụrụ na-achị ụmụ amaala Scandinavians rutere ebe a, iwu ebe a, ọ mụrụ Rurik nwa, bụ onye nwụrụ na 879. Ndị bịara ike Voevoda Oleg ozugbo reinventing nche na ike nke ẹdude ala. Mgbe ahụ, afọ atọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ malitere site mmeri dịrị n'otu Russian ala. Nnọọ nkọ na anya-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'okpuru onye na-edu ndú na merged ala nke Novgorod na Kiev, ọ bụghị mgbe niile mere naanị site na ike - n'ejighị ọbara ụzọ ọ subordinated onwe ya na Kiev, na mgbe e mesịrị Constantinople, ebubo na ahịa nke East Slavic ugwu oké ọnụ iri ngo.

mkpa

Na-achịkwa nke ukwuu nke ala n'ụzọ ahụ nke ibu - ọ bụ a dị mkpa na ezi uche ngwọta. Ozugbo ike, onye-isi kpebiri ozugbo imeri ala dina tinyere ahia uzo "si Vikings na Grik." N'ụzọ doro anya, otu Oleg nke Novgorod na Kiev e tụụrụ ime a ogologo oge, ma eleghị anya ndị a atụmatụ ozuzu umu Rurik. Ma ọ bụ eleghị anya, ọ bụ otú tere Oleg, n'ihi na otu n'ime ndị isi na isi mmalite nke nnata nke ego na steeti àkù bụ ahia. A ibu gburugburu ụzọ nke ndị dị elu ụtụ isi anakwa. Ịgbaso n'ebe ndịda na a 2-puku ndị agha, Oleg meriri Slavic ebo bi na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Dnieper, Pripyat, Bug, Dniester na Sozh. Ha drevlyans northerners radzimichy. Tupu Rurik n'otu n'okpuru ịchịisi ya na-Finno-Ugric iche iche (e mesoro ha Tschudi, Mary, ves), Ilmen Slovenia, Krivichy, ie Eastern Slavic ugwu, nke a na-akpọ Slavia mba ọzọ na isi mmalite. N'ihi ya, ihe mbụ n'uru Oleg bụ mụbaa ókè nke Russian ala. Na-ewusi ike. N'ebe nile n'ụzọ o wue obodo na ebe e wusiri ike.

nkwụghachi

Na ijikọta Kiev na Novgorod e mere site Oleg nwere otu nzube - ọ chọrọ ahụhụ ndị usurpers dir na Askold, raara site na otu nke akụkọ na-emeghị nke Rurik. Aga mmeri nke Constantinople, ndị agha ndị gbanyesiri mgbọrọgwụ na Kiev jụrụ ịnakwere ikike nke Rurik. Ha abụghị onyeisi ezinụlọ, na o nyere ikike ịchọ Oleg na ha adịghị ikike. Abịaru obodo ahụ nso, strategist na akọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Oleg achọghị Nchoputa ọbara nke ha agha, na-amanye ha ka ha buru mma-e wusiri ike center, emi odude na ugwu dị elu, nke mere na otu apụghị imeri emeri ebe e wusiri ike. Oleg ezisa Varangian ahia. Agha dina n'elu ala nke rooks, on top of ha kpuchie sacks nke ngwongwo. The mgbe nwe obodo, Askold na dir, wee pie iji họrọ kacha mma nke mere ka, na-anakọta ụtụ maka ikike n'ihu na Dnieper River oké osimiri. Ha na-weghaara na gburu, lie iche iche ebe.

nkọ diplomaati

Na otú ọ bụ njikọ nke Kiev na Novgorod n'okpuru otu onye - Prince Oleg, onye ozugbo wee na-ewusi meriri obodo. Na o wee banye n'ime obodo, dị ka akụkọ mgbe, a na-akpọ Kiev na "nne nke Russian obodo." Oleg chọrọ ka obodo a isi obodo na ziri ezi ya obi ebe a. N'ezie, Kiev akwụsịghị. Ma mgbe ahụ, Oleg mere nnọọ ihe n'ụzọ amamihe. Ụfọdụ ebo (drevlyans kwuru n'elu, northerners radzimichy) o sonyeere Russia, mee ka ha si na-akwụ ụgwọ oké ọnụ ụtụ ahụ Khazar Khanate. Territory isiokwu Oleg wee sie ike ike, nke bụ mmalite nke guzobere mkpakọrịta Kiev na Novgorod. Year 882 afọ omenala a na-ewere na mmalite nke Russian ala.

"Ịbọ ọbọ maka enweghị ezi uche Khazars"

Ọzọ oké ihe Oleg bụ na ọ mbụ gburu a dị ike igbu ocho okwu - na Khazar Khanate, terrorizing gburugburu. Mgbe amụma Oleg na-aga "na-usiene-enweghị ezi uche Khazars", na ya n'akụkụ ndị Pechenegs, ma n'akụkụ ndị iro - na Magyars, onye, na-ebu nnukwu losses, na-amanye efehe maka Karpaty. Russian agha ghọrọ anwụ anwụ.

Na mmalite nke ihe niile a na-etinye ihe mere n'afọ 882 njikọ nke Kiev na Novgorod. Ọ tụgharịrị na-uru site na eziokwu na na Kiev larịị nke mmepeanya bụ ubé elu - e intensively mepụtara crafts, trades, otu ahia, na omenala. N'otu obodo na-wetara ka larịị nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu isi obodo. New nnukwu ike e mesịrị na aha ya bụ rus. Oleg na Igor na-eto eto kweere na ike nke ndị agha ya.

"Gị na ọta na ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Constantinople"

Oleg bụ atọ ọgụ nke cessation nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ụtụ Constantinople na ọgwụgwụ bụ nnọọ uru maka ọhụrụ ala contracts na ndị Gris. Merchants adịghị akwụ ụgwọ ọzọ oké ọnụ ụgwọ. Ikekwe, ọ bụ naanị n'ihi na ndị amụma Oleg n'otu n'okpuru ya iwu abụọ Russian State Center - Kiev na Novgorod.

Ke adianade do, Kiev bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá ka Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, nke n'oge ahụ etiti nke sayensị na omenala, na ihe ndị dị elu karịa larịị nke mepere anya nke mba nile Europe. The bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke udo nkwekọrịta na mba ahụ bụ ndị, n'ezie, n'aka ndị Russia. ẹkwọ AS Pushkin, bụ nnukwu onyeisi Oleg kpọgidere ọta na ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Constantinople (Constantinople), na na-meriri obodo. Ndị dị otú ahụ nke ọma, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-mere, ọ na-mere n'otu nke Kiev na Novgorod. Year a oké ihe omume ga-adị ndụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. Oge nke na e guzobere nke oge ochie Russian obodo jikọtara Oleg aha Igor, Olga na Svyatoslav. Kievan rus na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ya heyday nwere n'ókèala, mmachi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na mmiri nke Dniester Vistula tributaries nke Volga nọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Taman Peninsula n'ebe ndịda na elu esịmde nke Northern Dvina River n'ebe ugwu. Ihe e kere eke nke ndị dị otú a nnukwu ala na Eastern Europe akara njikọ nke Novgorod na Kiev mgbe Oleg.

Mgbagwoju edozi nsogbu

N'ezie, naanị kpọọ nke Kiev nwere ike ịbụ ihe kasị mkpa ọrụ. The ọhụrụ ala bụ ihe n'oge feudal ọchịchị ndị eze, nke na-anọchi na isi nke ọbụ onye na-achị, lekwasị ke aka ya niile ike. Coffers jupụtara tumadi ruru ụtụ anakwa ndị meriri iche iche. Nrubeisi nke agbata obi ebo enye a ngwọta ọtụtụ nsogbu - ebelata raids, mụbara ụtụ-àkù, ndị ahịa ọrụ-free ibu, nke nwekwara ụba na ike nke kacha obodo. The ngwọta nye nsogbu ndị a bụ n'ubu naanị a siri ike, nke a bụ mmalite nke ọmụmụ nke otu nke Novgorod na Kiev. Ụbọchị, uru nke na-esi ike overestimate, kere òkè bụ isi na guzobere mba anyị. Ọ bụ mgbe agha obodo, na ida nke ike n'ime obere isi, ma ala na-ama adị mbụ, di ndu, n'otu na ihu nke ndị iro na-emeri ya na agha nile. Nke a bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke Russia, na nke a bụ ya echiche, nke bụ a set nke ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, nke mmetụta uche na omenala. Ọ gara ụmụ ndị Varangian nche Oleg, gbadata si n'ebe ugwu na Constantinople na meriri ya.

obere nkọwa

Na ijikọta Kiev na Novgorod nwere ike nkenke kọwara dị ka ndị a. Mgbe ọnwụ ya na 879, Rurik ike gafere n'aka nwanne ya na-na-elekọta na nwa ọhụrụ Igor. Voivod Oleg, anata reins afọ atọ ike ma kwadebe ala ekpe mgbe ahụ nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ahụ, na a zụrụ nke ọma-dike, mmetụta ike nke di Norman dike, o jere n'ebe ndịda na-emeri ụwa, ọkacha mma niile, ụgha tinyere ahia uzo "si Vikings ndị Gris", ma si otú dochie ndị ahịa na mba ahụ site na-akwụ ụgwọ oké ọnụ tributes na zopụrụ ngwongwo. Kiev, nke dabeere n'ụzọ, ka Constantinople kacha mkpa vzimatelyami ụtụ.