The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eletriki development. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-mee ka mmepe nke eletriki injinịa, na ha mepụtara

Ọdụdọ - nnọọ mbara ubi nke ihe ọmụma, nke na-agụnye ihe niile na-ejikọrọ na ojiji nke electric ike. Nke a development nkata, ngwaọrụ, na ngwá na mmiri, na-amụ akpa phenomena na ha bara uru iji. Akporo nke eletriki engineering - n'akụkụ nile nke ndụ anyị.

Olee otú ọ na niile malitere

History of Ọdụdọ Development tightly jikọtara mmadụ nile o mere eme nke development. People nwere mmasi kere eke, nke ha nēnweghi ike ịkọwa. History of Ọdụdọ Development - mgbe nile mgbalị ikwugharị ihe na-eme gburugburu ya.

The ọmụmụ were ọtụtụ na ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ma naanị na nke iri na asaa na narị afọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eletriki engineering malitere ya ngụda na ezigbo mmadụ were enwetara ihe ọmụma na nkà.

ozizi

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-mee ka mmepe nke eletriki engineering - bụ, ọtụtụ puku ndị aha, ha nile n'isiokwu a na-apụghị kpọmkwem. Ma e nwere onye, onye research aka mee ka ụwa anyị dị otú a ọ dị ugbu a.

Historical ndia haa na: otu n'ime ndị mbụ ndị na-ebu ya anya na mgbe rubbing amba megide ajị, ọ nwere ike ise ihe, bụ onye Grik bụ ọkà ihe ọmụma Thales nke Miletus. Ya nwere ọ rụrụ na narị afọ nke asaa BC. Ọ dịghị isi kwuru, n'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ na-apụghị ime. Ma ihe nile nke ya kwuru na ọ ọma e dere na-ebute site ná nkpuru.

The ọzọ aha na ndepụta nke ọnọdụ "ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, eletriki engineer na ha mepụtara" pụtara naanị na 1663, mgbe obodo nke Magdeburg Otto Fon Gerike e igwe, nke bụ a bọl na ike ọ bụghị naanị na-adọta, ma ichughachiazu akpọkwa.

Famous ọkà mmụta sayensị

Gasịrị, Home Electronics etinye ndị dị otú ahụ a maara nke ọma ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị dị ka:

• Stiven Gray, bụ onye haziri nwere na nnyefe nke eletrik n'elu a anya. The N'ihi nke ya nnyocha bụ nkwubi okwu bụ na ya ekweghị nke dị iche iche na-ebunye ike.
• Sharl Dyufe, onye chọrọ ozizi nke dị iche iche nke na ọkụ eletrik.
• Dutchman Pieter van Musschenbroek. Ọ na-ama ama mepụtara condenser.
• Ifịk ifịk ekpep onu Georg Richman na Mikhail Lomonosov.
• Benjamin Franklin. Nwoke a ridara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nchepụta nke àmụmà mkpara.
• Luigi Galvani.
• Vasily Petrov.
• Sharl Kulon.
• Hans Oersted.
• Alessandro Volta.
• Andre Ampere.
• Maykl Faradey, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

energetics

Ọdụdọ - sayensị nke anọ mejupụtara mmiri nke ndị mbụ na ndị isi nke bụ ike. Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ọgbọ, nnyefe na oriri nke ike. A kpọrọ mmadụ anọwo ike ọma iji nke a technology ka ha onwe ha were naanị narị afọ nke 19.

Oge ochie batrị na-enye ohere na ngwaọrụ na-arụ ọrụ naanị n'ihi na a mgbe, nke ahụ emeghị ka afọ ju ambitions ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. The nchepụta nke mbụ prototype nke generator ghọrọ Hungarian Anosh Ányos Jedlik na 1827. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ha na ụmụ ha ọkà mmụta sayensị patented, na aha ya na-anọgide na na akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị machini gbanwetụrụ Ippolit Piksi. The ngwaọrụ dị mfe: a stator na site na a mgbe nile na ndọta, na a set nke windings.

History of eletriki engineering na ume mmepe nwere ike ime na-enweghị banyere aha Michael Faraday. Ọ bụ ya na-mepụtakwara mbụ generator, nke na-ekwe ka na-enye ugbu a na mgbe nile voltaji. Gasịrị, usoro e mma Shtererom Emile Henry Wilde, Zenobia grams.

DC

Na 1873 na ihe ngosi na Vienna doro anya gosiri site na igba egbe nke mgbapụta si igwe, emi odude karịa a kilometa pụọ.

Eletrik obi ike merie ụwa. Mankind ghọrọ dị otú ahụ na mbụ na-amaghị ihe ọhụrụ dị ka teligraf, eletriki moto na ugbo ala na ụgbọ mmiri, ndị bi n'obodo ukwu ọkụ. Nnukwu dynamos a na-eji maka mmepụta nke eletrik na ihe ulo oru n'ike. The obodo malitere ịpụta mbụ trams na trolleybuses. Echiche nke DC massively emejuputa ama ọkà mmụta sayensị Thomas Edison. Otú ọ dị, nke a technology nwere flaws.

Usoro iwu Ọdụdọ Engineering na agụmakwụkwọ odide pụtara ekpuchi kasị ekwe omume ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmadụ niile na ókèala na ọkụ eletrik. Ma DC nwere nnọọ ole na nso - banyere abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ kilomita, mgbe nnukwu losses malitere. Ihe dị mkpa ntughari ka ihe nwetụ ugbu a nke ígwè na akụkụ-amụba igwe, na nke nke a ezigbo factory.

Nikola naa

The nchoputa nke nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na-atụle ga a Serbian ọkà mmụta sayensị Nikola naa. Ná ndụ ya o jikwa ọmụmụ nke AC ike, nyefee ya a anya. Ọdụdọ (maka beginners na ọ bụ ihe na-akpali eziokwu) na-wuru na ya ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi. Taa, ọ bụla n'ụlọ nwere otu nke kere nke oké ọkà mmụta sayensị.

The nchepụta nyere ụwa multiphase generators, itinye n'ọkwa moto, a counter na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mepụtara. Mgbe ọrụ afọ na teligraf, ekwentị na ụlọ ọrụ, Edison laabu na ekemende na ha ụlọ ọrụ na naa bụ oké ahụmahụ dị ka a n'ihi nke ukwuu nke nwere.

Mankind, dị mwute ikwu, ọ bụghị natara a ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke sayensị. Ndị nwe mmanụ ego ndidi ike megide electric mgbanwe ọlị dị ka ha na-agbalị ka ha kwụsị ya na-enwe ọganihu.

Dị ka asịrị, Nicola bụ enwe ike ike ma na-akwụsị ajọ ifufe, nyefee na ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị wires ka ọ bụla mgbe na ụwa, teleported warship, na ọbụna kpasuru ọdịda nke meteorite na Siberia. Nnọọ pụrụ iche mmadụ ọ bụ.

Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, Nicola ziri ezi, ịtụ AC. Ọdụdọ engineering (karịsịa maka beginners) mbụ kwuru banyere ụkpụrụ ya. Ọ bụ nri, na ọkụ eletrik nwere ike nye ọtụtụ puku kilomita iji naanị-eduzi. Na ikpe nke a na-adịgide adịgide "ụmụnna" ike dị mkpa iji na-enwe abụọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atọ kilomita. Ke adianade do, ha ga-mgbe niile na-nọgidere na-enwe.

Iji ụbọchị, DC ka ekpe ụlọ maka electric iga - trams, Trolley ụgbọ ala, electric locomotives, engines ụlọ mmepụta ihe, batrị, chaja. Otú ọ dị, e nyere mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ, ọ bụ eleghị anya na "postoyanke" n'oge na-adịghị ga-enwe nanị na peeji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme.

electromechanics

The abụọ eletriki ngalaba nke na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nke n'ịtụgharị n'ibu ume ọkụ ume na Anglịkan, a na-akpọ electromechanics.

The mbụ ọkà mmụta sayensị yavivshim ụwa ọrụ ha na electromechanics, bụ a Swiss ọkà mmụta sayensị Engelbert Arnold, onye na 1891 bipụtara a inem na ozizi na imewe maka igwe windings. Gasịrị, pụta ụwa sayensị replenished Blondel research Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus Tolvinskogo, gburugburu Park.

Na 1942, ndị Hungarian-American Gabriel Kron akpatre jisiri ichepụta a n'ozuzu ozizi niile eletriki ígwè ọrụ ma si otú ikpokọta mgbalị nke ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha na narị afọ gara aga.

Electromechanics ụtọ anụ mmasị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na gburugburu ụwa, wee si na ya na-enwe otú ahụ sayensị ka electrodynamics (enyocha mmekọrịta nke eletriki na magnetik phenomena), na-arụzi ụgbọala (amụ ngagharị nke ozu na interactions n'etiti ha), na Kwes Physics (n'ọnụ ike bases, thermodynamics, okpomọkụ na uka nyefe ) na ndị ọzọ.

Isi nsogbu na e mụọ n'ime kpuchie nke nnyocha bụ ọmụmụ ihe na mmepe nke nkesa, n'usoro ndọta, na linear ibu ugbu a, mgbe nile Arnold. Main isiokwu - eletriki na asynchronous igwe, iche iche na ụdị nke nkesa.

postulates Electromechanics

The atọ isi ha kweere nke Electromechanics bụ iwu:

• akpa itinye n'ọkwa Faraday;
• ngụkọta ugbu a na magnetik circuit;
• akpa agha (makwaara dị ka Ampere iwu).

N'ihi ya, nnyocha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, electricians, e gosiri na ike ike-akpali enweghị ọnwụ, ihe niile igwe nwere ike rụọ ọrụ na moto mode na a generator, na na ubi nke rotor na stator-mgbe ofu ikwu ọ bụla ọzọ.

Ihe bụ isi usoro bụ akụkụ:

• electric ụgbọala;
• ịha voltaji windings nke eletriki igwe;
• akpa torque.

Automatic akara usoro

Direction-apụghị izere ezere ghọrọ-ewu ewu mgbe ọ bịara doo anya na ihe ịga nke ígwè ọrụ ike dochie mmadụ ọrụ mmanye.

Automatic akara - ike iji na-aghọgbu ọrụ ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna dum usoro. Operable site okpomọkụ, ike ọsọ, ije na ọsọ ije angles. Jisie nwere ike rụrụ na zuru akpaka mode, na na òkè nke onye ahụ.

The mbụ igwe nke ụdị ike a ga-atụle a unit, e mere site Charles Bebidzhem. Site n'enyemaka nke ọmụma ndị dị na ntụmadị kaadị nwere ike mee mgbapụta akara site n'ọnụ ndị uzuoku engine.

The mbụ kọmputa a kọwara na ihe odide ndị Irish ọkà mmụta Percy Ludgate, nke na-adade ka ọha na eze na 1909.

Analọg kọmputa ngwaọrụ pụtara kpọmkwem tupu ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Agha ọtụtụ stalled mmepe nke a ekwe ụlọ ọrụ.

The mbụ prototype nke oge a na kọmputa na e kere site na German Konrad Zuse na 1938.

Ka ụbọchị, akpaka akara usoro, dị ka ọ tụtara ime ya site echepụta ọma dochie ụmụ mmadụ na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na, na-eme ihe ndị kasị na-agbụ agbụ na ize ndụ na-arụ ọrụ.

electronics

Nzọụkwụ na-esonụ na mmepe nke eletriki ígwè, na kọmputa ngwaọrụ na-a ijeri ugboro ọzọ kpọmkwem karịa ha analọg ogbo.

The kasị ama German mbụ mepụtara bụ a cipher igwe "Enigma". Ma mgbe ahụ - na British electronic decoders na nke gbalịrị dozie mgbagwoju anya Koodu.

Mgbe ahụ, e Calculators na kọmputa.

Na nke ugbu a na ogbo nke ndụ a na-ejikọta ya na ngwá electronic igwe na mbadamba. Na ihe ga-adị na mmepe nke anyị ngwaọrụ echi, anyị nwere ike na-eche na. Ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ ehihie na abalị dị nnọọ ka iju anyị niile na-eme ka ndụ ndị ọzọ na-akpali ma mfe nkịtị.