Gịnị bụ ala na otú ọ ga-?

Gịnị bụ ala? Okwu a nwere ihe karịrị otu pụtara. Ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-adị na pụtara "topsoil". Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na Reference ndu obibia nke nkowa nke okwu na ihe zuru ezu.

Ala na-enye nkà mmụta sayensị na definition - bụ uppermost oyi akwa nke Ụwa lithosphere. Ya isi e ji mara: ọmụmụ, heterogeneity, openness, anọ na-adọ.

Ka anyị tụlee nke ọ bụla okwu iche iche. Ọmụmụ n'aka na ala - a oyi akwa adabara akatara osisi na ihe ọkụkụ. Guzobere n'ihi nke ọrụ dị mkpa nke a dịgasị iche iche nke ntule na weathering oyi akwa bụ ọgaranya nri, na ọ bụ ihe ndabere nke humus - bi organic ogige ma ọ bụ residues nke nọ na ala, ma ọ bụghị na ndu eme ntule.

Gịnị bụ ala na okwu nke heterogeneity? Nke a pụtara na topsoil bụ a heterogeneous usoro, na homogeneous adọ na-ekewa n'etiti ha. N'ihi ya, ala mejupụtara anọ n'ụzọ: siri ike, na mmiri mmiri, gaseous na microorganisms.

Siri ike na-adọ na-agụnye minerals, organics, iche iche inclusions, i.e. na ozuzu oke nke solids esịnede topsoil.

The mmiri mmiri na-adọ - mmiri, nke nwere ike ịbụ na tụụrụ bed na free ma ọ bụ ibikwa ala.

The gas mejupụtara gas: oxygen abanye si ikuku, mgbagwoju ogige nke nitrogen, methane, dị ọcha hydrogen. Ha na-guzobere n'ihi nke gbaa ụka Filiks, respiration, na-emebi, wdg

Ịgagharị ala, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike nyochaa bụghị naanị oyi akwa dị ka a dum, ma onye ọ bụla nke ya constituent adọ. Ọ bụ ya mere a zuru azịza nke ajụjụ banyere ihe ala, ọ na-enyo ya ogologo. Ọzọkwa, ala na-mgbe ụfọdụ weere dị ka a mgbochi ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ nke n'out oge ekewapụ na ndokwa mmeghachi omume ikuku, bio- na hydrosphere.

Ọtụtụ dị iche iche na-aza ajụjụ nke ihe ala, GOST 27593-88. Ọ bụ kwuru na ala - a eke ahụ onwe ha, organo, eke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi a Nchikota ihe:

• anthropogenic;
• abiotic;
• biotic.

The ala-aga n'ihu na GOST definition, nwere ya Njirimara (morphological na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa). Ọ e ji ụfọdụ Njirimara, nke na-ahụ maka eke ọnọdụ maka mmepe nke osisi mejupụtara mmiri, ikuku, ịnweta ahụ na organic foduru.

The ụdị na ọdịdị nke ala na-adabere na ihu igwe, na osisi fauna, si malite microorganisms bi tụụrụ oyi akwa. ala-use ọrụ - iji chebe ma nọgide na-enwe ọmụmụ nke ọma na iji ohere oyi akwa.

Oke Ugboro ojiji nke depleted ala, na oké njikọta ndị fọrọ nke nta egbu egbu. Na-anọghị nke ala mmiri nwere ike na-ata ahụhụ ala ọzara, na oké atọ - ndagwurugwu n'aka. Mgbe ụfọdụ ala dị ka a N'ihi nke na-ezighị ezi iji ma ọ bụ na-nnu-adọ mmiri. Ndị a Filiks bụ otu aha, ya bụ, ala nkịtị.

Mweghachi nke rụrụ arụ ala - a nnọọ ọrụ-kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, na-adịgide adịgide, ọ bụghị mgbe nile kwụsị usoro ihe ịga nke ọma.