Gịnị na ọrụ na a cell ịrụ nucleic acid? The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke nucleic asịd

Nucleic asịd akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na cell, huu ya ịrụ ọrụ na amụba. A Njirimara eme ka o kwe na-akpọ ha nke abụọ kasị mkpa biomolecules mgbe protein. Ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha ọbụna wepụ DNA na RNA na akpa ebe, nke pụtara ha isi uru na mmepe nke ndụ. O sina dị, ha ga-ewere nke abụọ mgbe ndị na-edozi, n'ihi na ntọala nke ndụ bụ nnọọ polipetidnaya molekul.

Nucleic asịd - nke a bụ a dị iche iche ozo nke ndụ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ siri na-akpali n'ihi na nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na onye ọ bụla ụdị molekul nwere a kpọmkwem ọrụ maka ya. Nke a dị mkpa ịghọta na ihe zuru ezu.

The echiche nke nucleic asịd

All nucleic acid (DNA na RNA) bụ ndu heterogeneous Polymers nke dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na sekit na sekit. DNA bụ a abụọ tọrọ atọ polymeric molekul na e dere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma nke eukaryotic ntule. Okirikiri DNA molekul nwere ike ịnwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma nke ụfọdụ nje. Nke a HIV na adenovirus. E nwekwara a pụrụ iche ụdị 2 DNA: mitochondrial na plastid (hụrụ na chloroplasts).

RNA na-nwere a ukwuu ibu umu na e mere site dị iche iche nucleic acid ọrụ. E nwere nuclear RNA, nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma nke bacteria na ọtụtụ nje, matriks (ma ọ bụ onye ozi RNA), ribosomal na iga. All nke ha na-etinye aka ma nchekwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi, ma ọ bụ site n'usoro okwu. Otú ọ dị, nke na ọrụ na a cell mee nucleic acid dị mkpa ịghọta n'ụzọ sara mbara karị.

Abụọ-tọrọ atọ DNA molekul

Nke a na ụdị DNA - bụ a zuru okè usoro nchekwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi. Abụọ-tọrọ atọ DNA molekul bụ otu molekul esịnede heterogeneous monomers. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha bụ guzobere hydrogen nkekọ dị n'etiti nucleotides nke ọzọ ígwè. Self DNA monomer mejupụtara a nitrogenous isi, nke fọduru orthophosphate na a ise-carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose. Dabere na ihe ụdị nitrogen isi na-ndabere nke a kpọmkwem DNA monomer, ọ nwere ya aha. Types of DNA monomers:

• deoxyribose moiety na orthophosphate na adenylic nitrogenous isi;
• thymidine nitrogenous isi na a deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate;
• agakọta nitrogenous isi na ndi fọduru desoksiriboza orthophosphate;
• orthophosphate na deoxyribose na nitrogenous Gwanine fọduru.

The akwụkwọ ozi maka simplification nke circuit Ọdịdị nke DNA adenylic fọduru denoted ka "A", Gwanine - "G", thymidine - "T" na-agakọta - "C". Ọ dị mkpa ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma na-agafere si abụọ-tọrọ atọ DNA n'ime ozi RNA. Iche na ya obere: ebe a dị ka ndị carbohydrate moiety adịghị deoxyribose na ribose, na kama thymidylic nitrogenous isi uracil n'akparamagwa RNA.

Structure na ọrụ nke DNA

DNA na-wuru na ụkpụrụ nke a ndu polima, nke otu onye yinye na-kere n'ọdịnihu na a gaghị agara ụkpụrụ dabere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma nke nne na nna cell. DNA Nukleodidy jikọọ site covalent agbụ. Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ụkpụrụ nke complementarity na nucleotides nke otu-tọrọ atọ ụmụ irighiri na-esonyere ndị ọzọ nucleotides. Ọ bụrụ na a otu-tọrọ atọ nucleotide molekul na-dị malite na ebe adenin, nke abụọ (arụkọ) circuit ọ ga-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi agakọtakwa. Gwanine bụ arụkọ na-agakọta. N'ihi ya, abụọ-tọrọ atọ DNA molekul na-wuru. Ọ bụ na kernel na-echekwa butere n'aka ọmụma a na koodu codons - triplets nke nucleotides. The ọrụ nke abụọ-tọrọ atọ DNA:

• n'izoputa anyi enwetara site na nne na nna cell butere n'aka ọmụma;
• site n'usoro okwu;
• mgbochi ịgbanwe ọdịdị nke mutation.

Pụtara nke na-edozi na nucleic asịd

Ọ na-kweere na ndị ọrụ nke na-edozi na nucleic asịd nkịtị, ya bụ, na ha na-arụ site n'usoro okwu. Nucleic acid onwe ya - ọ bụ ha na ebe nchekwa na protein - ọ bụ ọgwụgwụ N'ihi nke na-agụ ozi site a site n'usoro. Gene onwe ya bụ otu ihe òkè nke onye DNA molekul packaged na chromosome, nke ozi a na dere site nucleotides nke ihe owuwu nke a akpan akpan protein. Otu site n'usoro-ebu ụzọ amata na amino acid usoro nke naanị otu protein. Na protein ga mejuputa butere n'aka ọmụma.

The nhazi ọkwa nke ụdị RNA

Ọrụ nke nucleic asịd na cell bụ nnọọ iche iche. Ha bụ ndị kasị ọtụtụ na ikpe nke RNA. Otú ọ dị, nke a multifunctionality bụ ka ikwu n'ihi na dị ka otu ụdị nke RNA bụ maka otu n'ime ọrụ. Na nke a, ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke RNA:

• nuclear RNA nje na nje bacteria;
• matriks (ọmụma) RNA;
• ribosomal RNA;
• ozi RNA plasmids (na chloroplast);
• chloroplast ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial ribosomal RNA;
• mitochondrial matriks RNA;
• nyefee RNA.

RNA ọrụ

Nke a nhazi ọkwa-enye ọtụtụ ụdị nke RNAs na-ekewa dị ka ọnọdụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtọ okwu, ha ga-ekewa 4 ụdị niile: na nuclear, ozi, ribosomal na iga. Ribosomal RNA ọrụ bụ protein njikọ dabeere na nucleotide usoro nke ozi RNA. N'ihi ya amino acid "tree" ka ribosomal RNA "strung" na ozi RNA, site nyefe ribonucleic acid. Ya mere njikọ wee si bụla organism nke nwere ribosome. The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke nucleic asịd na-enye ichebe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe, na-eme ka protein njikọ usoro.

Mitochondrial nucleic acid

Ọ bụrụ na ihe na ọrụ na cell ịrụ nucleic acid dị na ntọala ma ọ bụ cytoplasm nke fọrọ nke nta niile mara, nke mitochondrial na plastid DNA ọmụma, e nwere obere. Ọ na-hụrụ kpọmkwem ribosomal na ozi RNA. The nucleic asịd DNA na RNA bịara ebe a ọbụna ndị kasị autotrophic ntule.

Ikekwe nucleic acid abatakwa cell site symbiogenesis. Nke a ụzọ na-ewere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ka na-yikarịrị n'ihi enweghị ọzọ nkọwa. The usoro a na-ewere dị ka ndị a: n'ime cell maka ụfọdụ oge bịara symbiontic avtorofnaya akpata. N'ihi ya, a akaryote bi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na-enye ya ume, ma nke nta nke nta agbazee.

Na mbụ nkebi nke evolushọn, eleghị anya nuclear-free symbiotic nje bacteria kpaliri mutational Filiks ke ntọala nke usu cell. Nke a kwere ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ọmụma banyere ihe Ọdịdị nke ahụ mitochondrial edozi na banye n'ime n'ime nucleic acid nke usu cell. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ banyere ihe na ọrụ na cell ịrụ nucleic asịd nke mitochondrial si, ozi bụ bụghị ọtụtụ.

Eleghị anya na akụkụ mitochondrial synthesized na-edozi onye Ọdịdị bụghị ma koodu site nuclear DNA ma ọ bụ RNA usu. Ọ bụkwa o yiri na kwesịrị ekwesị usoro nke protein njikọ dị mkpa bụ naanị n'ihi na ndị cell na ọtụtụ ndi na-edozi synthesized na cytoplasm, ghara inwe ike site na abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ nke mitochondria. The data organelles emepụta ike, ya mere na ihe banyere a kpọmkwem ọwa ma ọ bụ transporter protein maka ya ezuru molekụla ngagharị na imegide a ịta grajentị.

Plasmid DNA na RNA

Na plastids (chloroplasts) nwekwara nwere ya DNA, nke eleghị anya bụ maka mmejuputa yiri ọrụ dị ka na ihe banyere mitochondrial nucleic asịd. E nwekwara na ya ribosomal, matriks na nyefee RNA. Na plastids, ikpe ikpe site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke membranes, kama site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Biochemical Jeremaya mere, siri ike ịhụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọtụtụ plastids na 4 akpụkpọ ahụ oyi akwa, nke a na-kọwara ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche.

Otu ihe doro anya: ọrụ nke nucleic acid n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ guru insufficiently. Ọ na-amaghị otú mkpa ndị mitochondrial protein synthesizing usoro na yiri ya hloroplasticheskaya. Ọ bụkwa anya ihe mere mkpụrụ ndụ mkpa mitochondrial nucleic acid, ma ọ bụrụ na-edozi (doro anya na ọ bụghị ihe niile) na-ama na koodu na nuclear DNA (ma ọ bụ RNA, dabere na organism). Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mere eme na-amanye na-anabata na protein synthesizing mitochondrial na chloroplast usoro bụ maka otu ọrụ dị ka ndị DNA nke ntọala na cytoplasm RNA. Ha na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi, mụta nwa na-ebunye ya nwa-nwayi mkpụrụ ndụ.

nchịkọta

Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta nke na ọrụ na a cell ịrụ nucleic acid nuclear, plastid na mitochondrial malite. Nke a ga-emepe ọtụtụ atụmanya maka sayensị, n'ihi na symbiotic usoro, dị ka nke e nwere ọtụtụ ndị autotrophic ntule na ike mụta nwa taa. Nke a ga-enye a ọhụrụ ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ, ikekwe ọbụna mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya nke mmejuputa mnogomembrannyh plastid organelles na mkpụrụ ndụ kwa n'oge na-ekwu.

Ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ịghọta na na cell nucleic asịd maka fọrọ nke nta niile Filiks. Nke a protein biosynthesis, na chekwaa ozi gbasara ndị Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Na ndị ọzọ ihe, na nucleic acid mee nyefe ọrụ nke butere n'aka ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ si nne na nna na nwa. Nke a ga-hụ na n'ihu mmepe nke evolutionary Filiks.