Hypotheses banyere mmalite nke Earth. Mmalite nke mbara ala

Ajụjụ nke mbido nke Earth, na mbara ala na mbara igwe dị ka a dum na-eche ndị mmadụ kemgbe oge ochie. Echiche Ụgha banyere Earth si si malite ike deere na ọtụtụ oge ochie dị iche iche. Chinese, ndị Ijipt, Sumerians, ndị Gris nwere ha onwe ha echiche nke e guzobere ụwa. Ná mmalite nke oge anyị, ha ghọgbuo echiche dochie nkwenkwe okpukpe na brooked mba jụrụ. Na ochie Europe, na-agbalị iji chọta eziokwu ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ biri na ọkụ nke Njụta Okwukwe. The mbụ na nkà mmụta sayensị nkọwa nke nsogbu na-emetụta nanị XVIII narị afọ. Ọbụna ugbu a, ọ dịghị otu si amụma nke Earth, nke na-enye ohere maka ọhụrụ nchoputa na nri maka ịmata uche.

oge ochie akụkọ ifo

Man - a ịbụ ịmata. Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie, ndị mmadụ dị iche n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ ọ bụghị naanị site ọchịchọ na-adị ndụ na ike ụwa nke anụ, ma na-mgbalị iji ghọta ya. N'ịghọta ngụkọta karịrị ikike ndị sitere n'okike ya, ndị mmadụ malitere ife efe na Filiks. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ na ndị bi n'eluigwe na-otoro na ihe e kere eke nke ụwa.

Echiche Ụgha banyere Earth si si malite dị iche iche na nkuku nke mbara ala ndị ahụ dị nnọọ iche n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Dị ka nkwenkwe ndị Ijipt oge ochie, ọ kpara si àkwá nke dị nsọ, sleplennogo chi Khnum nkịtị ụrọ. Dị ka nkwenkwe nke ndị dị iche iche nke agwaetiti ahụ, n'ala nke chi fished si na oké osimiri.

ọgba aghara ozizi

Anyị na-ezigbo ndị Grik oge ochie na nkà mmụta sayensị Ozizi. Na uche ha, ọmụmụ nke Earth bụ nke primordial Ọgba aghara jupụtara na a ngwakọta nke mmiri, ụwa, ọkụ na ikuku. Nke a dabara na nkà mmụta sayensị na nchepụta nke mbido nke Earth postulates. Mixed ọcha enweghị usoro na-agba gburugburu, na-ejuputa niile. Ma n'otu oge, si ogbu nke primordial na ogbaaghara a mụrụ na Earth - chi nwaanyị Gaia, na ya ebighi enyi, igwe - chi Uranus. Ọnụ, ha juputa-adịghị ndụ mbara nke di iche iche nke ndụ.

A yiri akụkọ ifo e guzobere China. Ọgba aghara dị Hun-tun, jupụta na ise ọcha - osisi, metal, ụwa, ọkụ na mmiri - circling ke udi nke ihe egg na-akparaghị ókè eluigwe na ala, ma ọ na-adịghị mụrụ a chi Pan GU. Teta, ọ hụrụ gburugburu ya nanị na-adịghị ndụ ọchịchịrị. Na eziokwu na ọ bụ nkpà nke-uku. Ịchịkọta ike ya, chi Pan GU mmejọ shei nke egg-ọgba aghara, na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ abụọ: Yin na Yang. The arọ Yin nyụọ nke ike ụwa, ìhè na mfe Yang elu skyward, akpụ elu-igwe.

Ndị klas ozizi guzobe nke Earth

Mmalite nke mbara ala, na karịsịa ụwa, oge a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ-ezu. Ma e nwere ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi okwu (dị ka ebe mmiri), na-eme arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ. Ya mere, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke eluigwe na ala evolves, ọhụrụ ọ bụla chọpụtara na-aghọ a ụlọ ngọngọ na ntọala ụwa si malite amụma.

Onye ama ama nke Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka Polar Research, ka grouped niile chọrọ hypotheses na jikọtara ha n'ime atọ ọmụmụ. The mbụ bụ chepụtara dabeere na postulate nke guzobere anyanwụ, mbara ala, n'ụbọchị ememme ọnwa na comets si otu ihe onwunwe (nebulae). Ọ mara Voitkevich amụma, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov nso nso adi mines, Sobotovich na ndị ọzọ na ọkà mmụta sayensị.

The abụọ na klas na-agwakọta echiche dị ka nke mbara ala a kpụrụ kpọmkwem site anyanwụ okwu. Nke a bụ malite Earth amụma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị jeans Jeffreys Multona na Chamberlin, Buffon na ndị ọzọ.

Ndien ke akpatre, nke atọ na klas na-agụnye ozizi, ọ bụghị ime anyanwụ na mbara ala nkịtị si malite. The kasị ama amụma nke Schmidt. Ka anyị tụlee àgwà nke ọ bụla na klas.

Kant si amụma

Na 1755 na German ọkà ihe ọmụma Kant, na mbido nke Earth nkenke kọwara dị ka ndị a: mbụ uwa esịnede a anyịnya ájá dị iche iche densities. Gravity me ha ije. Ọ mere n'ịnọgide ha onye ọ bụla ọzọ (accretion mmetụta), n'ikpeazụ dapụtara clot guzobere Central-ekpo ọkụ - anyanwụ. Ọzọkwa urughuru collisions iduga adiana nke anyanwụ, na ya ájá ígwé ojii.

Na nke ikpeazụ nwayọọ nwayọọ guzobere iche iche bunches umi - embrayo n'ọdịnihu mbara ala gburugburu nke circuit kpụrụ dị Satellites. Kpụrụ n'ụzọ dị otú a na Earth na mmalite nke ya adị yiri oyi.

Laplace echiche

French-enyocha mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ Laplace chọrọ a ubé dị iche iche version, nke na-akọwa na mbido nke mbara ala anyị na mbara ala ndị ọzọ. The anyanwụ usoro, n'echiche nke ya, kpụrụ si a na-ekpo ọkụ gaseous Nebula na ụyọkọ ahụ na center. Ọ ua na abịakọrọ n'okpuru nduzi nke ike ndọda. Lebakwuru jụrụ, na rotational ọsọ nke Nebula eto na mpụta nke ya peeled anya yiri mgbaaka nke na-rekasịrị on prototypes n'ọdịnihu na mbara ala. The ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ na mbụ na-ekpo ọkụ gas na-anọchi anya bọọlụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mma na sikwuo ike.

Enweghị Kant na Laplace si amụma

Amụma nke Kant na Laplace, na-akọwa na mbido nke planet Earth, ndị kasị na cosmogony ruo n'oge iri abụọ na narị afọ. Na-egwuri a nwayọọ nwayọọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala nke sayensị, karịsịa geology. Isi drawback bụ enweghị ike nke hypotheses ịkọwa nkesa n'ime mbara igwe angular ọkụ (CDM).

MKP a kọwara dị ka ngwaahịa nke arọ na anya si center nke usoro na ya rotational ọsọ. N'ezie, dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na anyanwụ nwere ihe karịrị 90% nke ngụkọta uka nke usoro, ọ ga-enwe elu na CDM. N'eziokwu, Sun nwere naanị 2% nke ngụkọta CDM otu planet, karịsịa Rafa, nyere ndị fọdụrụ 98%.

ozizi Fesenkov

Nke a atuaha na 1960 gbalịrị ịkọwa Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị Fesenko. Dị ka ya version of mbido nke Earth, na Sun na mbara ala a kpụrụ site mkpakọ nke a ibu Nebula - "globules." Nebula nwere ehighị nne ákwà ekewet tumadi nke hydrogen na helium na a obere ego nke arọ ọcha. N'okpuru ike nke ike ndọda na etiti nke kpakpando ekara globules pụtara ndim - anyanwụ. Ọ bụ a ngwa ngwa ịtụ. N'ihi nke mmalite nke anyanwụ umi n'ime gburugburu gas-ájá gburugburu ebe obibi, umu anwuru ihe rụrụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Nke a mere ka ọnwụ nke ya uka na anyanwụ gia mbara ala kere a akụkụ buru ibu nke MCR. Formation nke mbara ala ẹkenịmde accretion Nebula.

Chepụtara Multona na Chamberlin

US-eme nnyocha Multon-enyocha mbara igwe na geologist Chamberlin chọrọ a yiri amụma nke mbido nke Earth na mbara igwe, dị ka nke mbara ala kpụrụ si a ihe onwunwe gas alaka spirals, "esiri" nke Sun na-amaghị kpakpando, bụ nke mere enyi ya.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị e ẹkenam na cosmogony nke echiche nke "planetesimal" - a clot condensed, haruru si mbụ umi na ghọrọ embrayo nke mbara ala na asteroids.

ikpe jeans

British astrophysicist J. jeans (1919) na-atụ aro na obibia nke anyanwụ na kpakpando ọzọ ikpeazụ wetara a sịga ekara protrusion, nke e mechara kụtusịa n'ime iche iche bunches. Na etiti nke thicker òkè nke "sịga" kpụrụ nnukwu mbara ala, na na n'ọnụ - obere.

amụma Schmidt

N'ihe nke mbụ na-ekwu na 1944, Schmidt kwuru si malite Earth Ozizi. Nke a na-mara dị ka meteorite amụma, mgbe ahụ, n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na mathematically ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ama ọkà mmụta sayensị. Site n'ụzọ, na nchepụta nke guzobe nke Sun na-adịghị na-ewere a nsogbu.

Dị ka ozizi, anyanwụ na otu onye nke nkebi nke development weghaara (wetara ya) oyi gas-ájá ígwé ojii nke meteoric. Tupu na ọ nwere nnọọ ole na ole CDM ígwé ojii na-agba gburugburu na a ịrịba ọnụego. Na a ike ndọda ubi nke anyanwụ malitere iche meteor ígwé ojii uka, njupụta na size. Part nke meteoritic ihe wee ìhè, na ndị ọzọ, dị ka a n'ihi nke accretion Filiks na-etolite-egbochi mkpụkọ-na embrayo nke mbara ala na ha Satellites.

Na nke a amụma, si malite na mmepe nke Earth, n'agbanyeghị mmetụta nke "anyanwụ ifufe" - anyanwụ radieshon nsogbu, na-achụ ha achụ ìhè gas mmiri ka mpụta nke usoro mbara igwe. N'ihi ya kpụrụ Earth bụ a oyi n'ahụ. Ọzọkwa okpomọkụ jikọtara radiogenic okpomọkụ, ndọda iche na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nke esịtidem ike nke mbara ala. The nnukwu drawback amụma nchọpụta kweere anyanwụ dị ala puru nke kpọọ nke a meteor ígwé ojii.

Echiche mines na Sobotovich

History of Earth si malite ka excites ọkà mmụta sayensị. Dịtụ nso nso (na 1984) na E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich ọkọnọ ya version of mbido nke mbara ala na anyanwụ. Dị ka ha na-ele, ebute Filiks ke gas-ájá ígwé ojii nwee ike ije ozi dị ka a nso-agbawa, gbarie gbawaranụ. Ụdi ihe, dị ka na-eme nnyocha, bụ ndị dị ka ndị a:

1. N'okpuru mmetụta nke mgbawa malitere mkpakọ nke Nebula na guzobe Central ụyọkọ - anyanwụ.
2. Sun abụrụ si IRAs bufee mbara ala akpa ma ọ bụ convective ịgbā-site.
3. Malitere na-etolite ibu yiri mgbaaka yiri Saturn mgbanaka.
4. Dị ka a n'ihi nke accretion nke ihe onwunwe yiri mgbaaka mbụ pụtara planetesimals mgbe guzobere ụwa nke oge a.

The dum evolushọn wee ebe ngwa ngwa - n'ime banyere 600 nde afọ.

Formation nke Ụwa Ọdịdị

E nwere a dị iche iche na nghọta nke usoro nke guzobere n'ime akụkụ nke ụwa anyị. Dị ka otu n'ime ha, Protoearth anọchi anya unsorted conglomerate ígwè-silicate ihe onwunwe. N'ọdịnihu, ka a N'ihi nke ike ndọda nkewa mere na ígwè isi ma na a silicate mantle - a onu homogeneous accretion. Na-akwado nke heterogeneous accretion kwere na mbụ refractory ka akwakọba ígwè isi, ekwekwala ka ihe ọ ọzọ fusible silicate ahụ.

Dabere na ihe ngwọta nke nsogbu a anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ókè nke mbụ okpomọkụ nke Earth. N'ezie, ozugbo ya guzobere ụwa malitere ikpo elu dị ka a n'ihi nke nkwonkwo edinam nke ọtụtụ ihe:

• Planetesimals bombardment nke ya elu, nke e so site na mmalite nke okpomọkụ.
• Ire ere nke redioaktivu isotopes, gụnyere alumina obere biri isotopes nke ayodiin, plutonium na ndị ọzọ.
• Ndọda subsoil iche (ma ọ bụrụ na anyị iche a homogeneous accretion).

Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nnyocha, mgbe a n'oge ogbo nke planet guzobere mpụga akụkụ nwere ike ịbụ na a na steeti nso gbazee. The foto planet Earth ga-ele anya dị ka a red-ekpo ọkụ na obi ụtọ.

The mkpi ozizi guzobe nke kọntinent

Otu n'ime ihe mbụ hypotheses nke mbido nke kọntinent bụ The mkpi, na nke ugwu ụlọ jikọrọ ka jụrụ nke Earth na Mbelata ya okirikiri. Na ọ bụ ntọala nke n'oge geological ọmụmụ. On ya ndabere na Austrian geologist E. Suess synthesize niile ndị dị n'oge nke ihe ọmụma banyere ihe owuwu nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na monograph "The Face nke Earth". Ma mgbe nke XIX narị afọ. e nwere ihe gosiri na n'otu akụkụ nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na-abịakọrọ na ndị ọzọ - ndinyanade mbịne. The mkpi Ozizi akpatre osụhọ mgbe ọ chọpụtara nke radioactivity na ọnụnọ nke Earth jikọrọ ọnụ na nnukwu inventories nke redioaktivu ọcha.

continental nwayọọ

Ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ. abụrụ amụma nke continental nwayọọ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ogologo chọpụtara myirịta coastlines nke South America na Africa, Africa na Arabian Peninsula, India n'ógbè buru ibu na Africa, na ndị ọzọ. Mbụ tụnyere data Pilligrini (1858), mgbe e mesịrị Bihanov. The echiche nke continental nwayọọ e chepụtara site American geologists Taylor na Baker (1910) na German geophysicist na meteorologist Wegener (1912). Ikpeazụ ịnwapụta a amụma na ya monograph "Mmalite nke kọntinent na oké osimiri", nke e bipụtara na 1915. The arụmụka ndị na-e zoro aka na nkwado nke a amụma:

• The myirịta nke ihe ndekọ nke kọntinent na abụọ nke Atlantic, nakwa dị ka kọntinent n'ókè nke Indian Ocean.
• Structural kweta n'akụkụ kọntinent geological ngalaba nke mbubreyo Paleozoic na Early Mesozoic nkume.
• The fossilized foduru nke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, nke na-egosi na n'oge ochie ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi ndị dị n'ebe ndịda kọntinent kpụrụ otu otu: na-karịsịa pụtara ìhè site fossilized foduru nke dinosaurs lystrosaurus ụdị dị na Africa, India na Antarctica.
• Paleoclimatic data: n'ihi na ihe atụ, ọnụnọ nke metụtara mbubreyo ice cover.

Formation nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ

The si malite na mmepe nke Earth na-nwere njikọ chiri ka ugwu ụlọ. Wegener rụrụ ụka na kọntinent na-ekewet nke dịtụ ìhè ịnweta pụta, dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ese n'elu mmiri na isi arọ plastic ihe basalt bed. Ọ na-na-eche na nke mbụ mkpa oyi akwa granitic ihe kwuru kpuchie dum Earth. Nke nta nke nta, ya ike n'ezi kwụsịrị site mmụba agha nke mma nke ọnwa na nke Sun na-eme n'elu nke mbara ala site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nakwa dị ka centrifugal agha si adiana nke Earth, na-emetụta site na okporo osisi na ụwa.

Granite (presumably) bụ otu supercontinent, Pangea. Ọ adị ruo mgbe n'etiti ndị Mesozoic oge na-osụhọ na Jurassic oge. Na-akwado echiche nke a amụma bụ na mbido nke Earth ọkà mmụta sayensị Staub. Mgbe ahụ, e nwere njikọ nke kọntinent nke Ugwu Ụwa - Laurasia, na otu nke na-enye ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Ụwa - Gondwana. N'etiti ha tọrọ atọ nkume nke Pacific Ocean n'ala. N'okpuru kọntinent overlie oké osimiri nke magma na nke ha na-akpụ akpụ. Laurasia na Gondwana kpaliri rhythmically na ụwa, mgbe ahụ, okporo osisi ya. Mgbe akpụ akpụ na ụwa supercontinent frontally abịakọrọ, si otú pushing flanks Pacific uka. Ndị a geological Filiks ọtụtụ tụlee isi ihe na-etolite nnukwu ugwu. The ije kwupụta ụwa mere ugboro atọ: n'oge Caledonia, Hercynian na Alpine orogeny.

ọgwụgwụ

On isiokwu nke guzobere usoro mbara igwe na-emepụta a otutu nke na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, ụmụ akwụkwọ, pụrụ iche akwụkwọ. Mmalite nke Earth maka ụmụaka ndị dị mfe kọwara Akwụkwọ. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-amụ afọ 50 gara aga, o doro anya na ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ele anya na ndị ọzọ ụzọ. Cosmology, geology na metụtara sayensị na-adịghị ada ka. Ekele merie Earth ohere ndị mmadụ na-ama ma ihe a na-ahụ na foto planet Earth site ohere. New ihe ọmụma na-emepụta a nghọta ọhụrụ nke iwu nke eluigwe na ala.

O doro anya na ihe e kere eke nke mbụ ọgba aghara nke Earth, Sun na mbara ala na-aka ndi di ike agha nke okike. Ọ dịghị ihe ijuanya na oge ochie nna nna jiri ha na rụzuru nke Chi Dị Iche Iche. Ọbụna n'ụzọ ihe atụ omume ka ewere mbido nke Earth, foto nke eziokwu ga-eleghị anya emewokwa ihe karịrị ihe ndị kasị daring fantasies. Ma ibe n'ibe nke ihe ọmụma anakọtara site ọkà mmụta sayensị, nke nta nke nta wuru dum foto nke ụwa.