Ihe Nlereanya nke ígwè ọrụ nke ụdị dị iche iche. Original ihe atụ nke ọhụrụ ije

World ije mepụtara n'okpuru iwu nke chọọchị ahụ kasị. Residential Civic ụlọ anya nnọọ umeala, mgbe temple gburu ya ngosi. Na Middle Ages na chọọchị nwere bukwanu n'aka na elu ụkọchukwu natara si kwuo, ke adianade do, onyinye nke mmadụ na-abịa n'ime chọọchị àkù. Eji ego a, na chọọchị e wuru nile Russia. Ihe Nlereanya nke obodo ije nke na oge fọdụrụ dị ka ọ chọrọ. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na narị afọ nke 18, ihe gbanwere radically. Churches na Cathedrals na-wuru na-ama na-enweghị na-enweghị isi okomoko, ma rutere ala, eze mba ụlọ na ọbụna ụlọ ke nējide onwe-ịchụ nta ebe budata kwukwara na ukpụhọde na ịma mma. Style ụlọ, na ije nke ụlọ, n'okporo ámá nakwa n'ámá e nọgidere mma. Architects ihe kasị na-akwanyere ùgwù.

Early Gothic style

Unique ihe atụ nke oge ochie ije - a Katidral, nke e wuru si n'etiti afọ 12 na narị afọ na edere edere mpaghara nke France. The kasị Gothic katidral e wuru na Amiens, na 1220. E mesịrị, otu Gothic katidral wuru na German obodo nke Cologne, ya ewu e dechara na 1248.

Ke ukem na Gothic na 12th - 14 ọtụtụ narị afọ mepụtara na Romanesque ije na Middle Ages. Italian architects na kwem a ụlọ na mgbidi ịrịba ọkpụrụkpụ, ụlọ bụ kama dị ka a ebe e wusiri ike. Ihe Nlereanya nke Romanesque ije - a na-ewu yiri agha e wusiri ike. The ala EBIONITISM kemgbe karịsịa ike, isi, nke abụọ nke ụlọ ahụ gụnyere ụlọ nche na turrets, gburugburu na akụkụ anọ na plan, nnukwu na obere. All ụlọ elu ndị dị warara, elu windo, yiri battlements. Romanesque ije na emepechabeghị ruo oge ya. Agha ọnụmara jousting mkpa nwere ike ịbụ mma ruru eru maka irè nchebe pụọ raids nke onye iro, ezinụlọ nnukwu ụlọ ewusiri ike n'ihi nzube a.

oge ochie ije

N'oge ochie, a otutu anya ugwo na-ewu ụlọ ọha. Ndị a bụ ndị magburu ụlọ e mere maka nzukọ nke uka na-egosi. Roman forum, mere maka ọtụtụ iri puku ndị na-abịa ekiri, oge ochie Greek asa, bụ nnukwu-emeghe ebe jupụta na mmadụ na kwa ụbọchị, omenkà na ndị ahịa. The ije nke Ijipt oge ochie bụ nnọọ iche na Roman, nke mbụ, na ndị Ijipt mgbe a ọtụtụ puku mmadụ gbakọtara na otu ebe. Ijipt akụkọ ihe mere eme na-esite na narị afọ nke 15 BC, mgbe ije bụ nke a nhazi okike. Ụlọ wuru nke nkume nzu na-acha uhie uhie butere ụrọ. About ekwekọghị ọ dịghị ihe e mara oge ochie ndị Ijipt adịghị eche banyere styling ha ụlọ na otú iwu ụlọ elu zere idei mmiri si idei mmiri nke Naịl.

ikike

The ije nke Gris oge ochie bụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ-lekwasịrị anya owuwu nke ụlọ nsọ ụlọ, ụfọdụ nke ruru oge anyị. Nke nta nke nta ka ọ bịara doo anya ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ ekwekọghị:

• Doric - Akụkụ a dị mfe, dị ike iche-iche, ọbụna ụfọdụ n'ime ha arọ-handedness. Doric ogidi ndị dị n'elu ọjà, miri grooves, inyịme si ala isi isi. The kwụ edoghi Doric - a architrave, nke ejikọ ndị kọlụm larịị nke abacus, top gbatịrị frieze esịnede abụọ n'ígwé - triglyphs na metopes. All ọnụ ụdị entablement nke surmounts gezimsom, cornice na ịrịba eyi protrusion.

• Ionic iji - tụnyere ponderous Doric dị iche iche n'ike-n'ike na-adị mfe. Isi ihe ịrịba ama nke dịịrị Ionic iji bụ isi obodo nke kọlụm ekara abụọ volute iji curls ala. Ionic iji na-atụle ihe ụkpụrụ ụlọ nwanyị style, dị ka ọ na-nụchara anụcha na kwukwara decorations. E iji na VI na narị afọ BC, na Ionia, na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Aegean. A na narị afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-agbasa ofụri oge ochie Greece. Isi ụlọ na Ionic style - ọ bụ a temple nke chi nwanyị Hera n'àgwàetiti Samos, wuru na 570 TOA ma na anya, e bibiri ala ọma jijiji. Ma nke kacha nkecha ụlọ ke Ionic iji bụ n'ulo Artemis n'Efesọs - onye nke "ịtụnanya asaa nke World."

• Kọrịnt iji - na-adịbeghị anya, dị iche iche site na ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche na okomoko. Ogidi na ihe oyiyi na entablature yiri mgbaàmà nke Ionic iji, ma abacus na isi obodo dị nnọọ iche. Kọrint na style jupụtara ji achọ, ya isi gosi Ifuru aghụghọ na perimeta bụ ahịrị abụọ nke acanthus epupụta. Capital nwekwara achọ ọtụtụ lily volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

Early narị afọ nke 18 ka ndị ji ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ na-emekarị na ụwa omenala - classicism. Ịgachi udi, doro anya ntule na otosịrị iru - a bụ isi ibiere nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ classicism. A kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi na-eso ụzọ nke oge ochie style of temple ije, ndị Venetian nwe Palladio na-amụrụ Scamozzi ịnwapụta ozizi ya nke oge ochie classicism. Ozizi a na-akpọ "palladianstva" na malitere ọtụtụ-eji na-ewu nke onwe ụlọ. Style "classicism" na ije gosiri na nkà na ụzụ na elu na ọrụ na onye-enyi na enyi na okwu nke imewe na-ewu ụlọ.

Dara ije "Baroque"

Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, ndị na-eri nke ụlọ wuru ọhụrụ style, bụ budata ala. Ụlọ dị iche nkpunkpu "pịa ude" ngwụsị Baroque ihe gara aga, ya symmetrical classicism-axial mejupụtara na magburu onwe nke mma na-inweta Fans. European connoisseurs nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ masterpieces ndị dị njikere ịhapụ Baroque na Rococo na ihu ọma nke Chamber, na ndetu nke agụmakwụkwọ, rigorous ma mara classicism.

N'out oge, ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị e wuru n'okpuru nduzi nke Andrea Palladio, ndị kasị ama nke nke bụ n'obí "Rotonda" nso Vicenza. Style "classicism" ọsọsọp ewu ewu na ije. Paris bụ n'ụzọ nkịtị idei mmiri na ndị na-ewu. N'okpuru Louis XV wuru dum ụkpụrụ ụlọ okụre, dị ka a Concorde. Na n'oge ọchịchị nke Louis XVI "laconic classicism" ọ na-a isi-emekarị n'obodo ukwu ije. Mgbe na-egbu nke French King na nkwatu nke ọchịchị ndị eze na 1793 na Paris, ruo ogologo oge na-ewuli elu na-enweghị usoro na inconsistently.

The ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke Alaeze Ukwu

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18 classicism malitere iju, mkpa ntaghari ohuru nke dum omenala n'ozuzu na ije dị ka ya akụrụngwa akụkụ.

Na ebe nke classicism bịara ọhụrụ style na nkà na ije, a na-akpọ Alaeze Ukwu, nke sitere na e mepụtara na France, n'oge ọchịchị nke Napoleon I. The ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ na-emekarị bụ n'ihi na ọ dịghị obere akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihe. The Government nke Napoleon Bonaparte gbalịrị ịmanye ya na-akpọ "alaeze ukwu" style of ije, mgbe o doro anya na classicism na-abịa a nso. Olee ukwu na meere okomoko Alaeze Ukwu na niile ọzọ ekwekọghị nke narị afọ nke 19 ije adaba n'ụzọ zuru oke ba n'obí agglomerates, ma na-emesi ike ka na "eze" direction.

Na Russian Alaeze Ukwu ije pụtara n'oge ọchịchị nke Alexander m, onye-eguzosi ike n'ihe na French omenala na chere na ọ kwesiri inomi. Sịkwa ihe eze ukwu kpọrọ-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ si France, Auguste Montferrand, maka erection nke ama St. Isaac Katidral. Style na ije - Alaeze Ukwu - bụghị edo ya ụdị, ọ na-ekewa ndị St. Petersburg na Moscow na kere ruo ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 19. Ke adianade St. Isaac Katidral, wuru na 1858, na St. Petersburg na e nwere ọzọ masterpiece na "eze" style bụ Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, na Moscow "Mmeri Njiko". Russian style na ije Alaeze Ukwu - a iri atọ na afọ, na-ewu nke ezi masterpieces.

Architectural nkiri nke St. Petersburg

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ama obodo na ụwa nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ pụtara bụ obodo nke St. Petersburg, na Northern Capital of Russia. N'ihi na continuity nke Russian na Western European mepere emepe atụmatụ ahụmahụ na XVIII - XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ, na St. Petersburg, a pụrụ iche conglomerate e guzobere. The obodo na-anọchi anya iri na ise dị iche iche ụkpụrụ ụlọ ekwekọghị, adabako polyphony nke na-emepụta a pụrụ iche na foto nke ịdịghachi ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge n'ime otu. Ókè nke epochs na-adịghị doro anya na akara, "bịara ikiri", ma ihe ịrịba ama niile nke gara aga bụ ugbu a.

Petersburg ije agụnye asatọ ebe ndị na-achị:

• Baroque "Peter", na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 18;
• Baroque "Elizabeth," n'etiti narị afọ nke 18;
• Gothic, nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 18;
• classicism, ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ nke 18;
• Russian Alaeze Ukwu, n'oge narị afọ nke 19;
• Renaissance, n'etiti narị afọ nke 19;
• eclectic, nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19;
• Art nouveau, narị afọ nke 20;

Pita Baroque - a tọghatara Italian na French Baroque. Ọtụtụ artsy style e nabata site Peter m na ya entourage. Otú ọ dị, oge n'ihi na nke heyday nke Baroque, bụ erughị ala, ọtụtụ agha kpara àkù. Construction nke ụlọ ọhụrụ underfinanced, o nwekwara mmetụta na ha mma. The Baroque style e wepụtara naanị na facades, accentuated isi atụmatụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ọnọdụ: na pediments, pilasters na volutes, na spiers n'uko ụlọ. The interiors na-mmasị na ndabere nke ụlọ, ọ budata ebelata-eri nke ewu. Petrine Baroque adịkwaghị na St. Petersburg si 1703 na 1740, mgbe ọnwụ nke onye eze ukwu na 1725 Arụ Ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta European architects jụrụ, ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọzọ afọ 15.

Ònye rigoro ebekpo ke 1741 na nwa nwaanyị nke Peter m Elizabeth chọ iwete n'etiti ike, ke adianade do, ọ bụ onye nwerela okomoko, ịma mma, sumptuous n'oriri na bọọlụ. The ije nke mepere emepe akwaga n'oge ọchịchị nke Elizabeth ghọrọ traceable pomposity na pretentiousness, ka ya onwe ya bilie style "Elizabethan Baroque". The isi-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke oge Bartolomeo Rastrelli, onye kere a masterpiece nke ije nke ụwa mkpa - na Winter Obí, emi odude ke Obí Square, nke a makwaara na "hermitage" dị ka a ngosi nka.

List of ije, wuru n'oge ọchịchị nke Elizabeth na Baroque:

• Anichkov Obí (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), ka e chebere.
• Grand Peterhof Obí (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Obí (1747 - 1750), ka e chebere.
• Smolny Cathedral, wuru na St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Obí, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Ejegharị Obí na Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), ka e chebere.
• The Catherine Obí na Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Obí, Nevsky -Atụmanya (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• House Shuvalov na Italian n'okporo ámá (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Obí (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), ka e chebere.

Gothic na St. Petersburg

The obodo na Neva bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị pụrụ iche obodo na ụwa nke na omenala bụ otú iche iche. Gothic ije pụtara na St. Petersburg na 1777, ọ bụ Chesma Obí na Chesma Church. Dị ka ọ dị na "Pita Baroque", ndị a owuwu adịghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu izute style. Gothic ọcha ọrụ dị ka mpụga paraphernalia - facades, arches, multiple turret, elu spiers. Iburu owuwu nke ụlọ rụrụ iji a mfe atụmatụ. N'eziokwu, ọ bụ pseudo, Otú ọ dị na narị afọ nke 19 a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke chọọchị dị iche iche ma ndị nke ụwa ụlọ wuru.

The ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke "classicism" e mepụtara na oge site na 1760 na afọ 1780. Petersburg n'oge ahụ njikere maka a mgbanwe. Owuwu, wuru na ndị oge gboo style, dabara nnọọ n'ime obodo mepere emepe odida obodo. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ụlọ ndị na-esonụ:

• "Imperial Academy nke Ọma Arts", wuru na Vasilevsky Island na 1764 -1788 afọ.
• Yusupov Obí (1771-1773).
• The Nghọta Gardens nke Obere hermitage (1764-1775).
• Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• Marble Obí (1768-1785)
• Tauride Obí (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute nke Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism bụ obu ụzọ nke na-eleta St. Petersburg nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. The mgbanwe nke direction ka mere hụrụ. Ezie na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ịke nke Alaeze Ukwu bụ na ina na France dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe dị ngwa na-ewere ọnọdụ ná mba ahụ. Ọ gosipụtara oké ọchịchọ Napoleon na ghọrọ a nnọchianya nke ndụ ọhụrụ maka French. A Russian Alaeze Ukwu dochie classicism, ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ. Petersburg ije mepụtara ya iwu. A ịrịba mmetụta na ya guzobere nwere a French omenala.

Architecture & Photography

Construction nke residential na sacral, manor ụlọ na chọọchị dị iche iche, ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'ụlọ. Ọ bụla Ọdịdị nke bụ mkpa ka ọha na eze ndụ bụ nwere ụkpụrụ ụlọ atụmatụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ndị e wuru na echesinụ dị na aesthetics nke ụlọ ụkpụrụ, na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-jisiri nweta nnukwu pụta. Masterpieces nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ art ama kpara nkata, n'ihi na photos na o nwebeghị adị. Photo art pụta ma malite ịzụlite naanị ke akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 19. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ike dochie image na foto. Architecture - bụ mgbe a kama mgbagwoju picture, na ọtụtụ shades na-aj u na ndị nkịtị na-enye ha daguerreotype, na efere na-enweta nanị ewepụghị ntụpọ na aghụghọ contours. Na nka wee na-ise.

Ma ọtụtụ afọ gafere, mma foto, wee bịa oge mgbe ọ bụla ụlọ ahụ kwe omume Foto. Architecture, n'ụzọ dabara adaba, kpochapụwo, bụ "na friji music", na ọtụtụ ndị ga-amasị ndị music echekwara na ebe nchekwa n'ụdị foto. People jụrụ megide ndabere nke ha onwe ha n'ebe obibi ma ọ bụ na-agbalị ka ha kwụsị nso ụfọdụ ma ama ụlọ. Ụdị dị iche iche nke ije, nke photos nwere a home atụle mma ụdị, ghọrọ-ewu ewu. N'oge mbụ nke foto, na ọtụtụ foto ndị ma ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ na ihe oyiyi nke ụlọ.

Styles ije atụ

Ihe Nlereanya nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ dịgasị iche iche nke ekwekọghị, ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ụfọdụ atụmatụ na ya mara na ebe, a na-ahụkarị nke onye na oge na nke a wuo ụlọ ahụ.

Iche iche, ndị kasị ama nwee nke ije nwere ike inye ihe atụ:

• Alaeze Ukwu - "Njiko nke General Staff" na St. Petersburg Obí Square (1819 - 1829),-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Atọ n'Ime Otu Katidral ke Alexander Nevsky Obibi" (1776 - 1790), na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ochie. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866),-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Akwụkwụ na-adọ, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Obí" na St. Petersburg, na Nevsky -Atụmanya (1752 - 1754),-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - The Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" na Florence (1417 - 1436),-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "House nke My" na St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904),-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Suzor.

Ihe Nlereanya nke ije-agba akaebe na mmepe nke dị iche iche Genres kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ.

Original ihe atụ nke taa ije

Taa, ụwa nwere ezuru ihe architects onye obibi ultramodern aghụghọ. Ọzọ na oru ngo na-kpere utilitarian agwa, ma e nwere ndị na ike ga-akpọ mbụ. Ihe atụ, na Japan, na-ewu ewu n'ụlọ na bọọlụ. Dị ka n'ala ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ ala ọma jijiji, na Japanese architects malitere mwube ụlọ na nnukwu bọọlụ mere nke ukwuu inogide ihe onwunwe. N'ihi ya, n'oge ala ọma jijiji ụlọ dị nnọọ amalite ịkụ, fluctuations aftershocks apụghị ime ihe ọ bụla nsogbu nye ya.

E nwere mbụ ụlọ, nke bụ n'ihi ihe imewe echiche. Onye ama ama Spanish obodo nke Barcelona, nke a na-ezi họọrọ mbụ na ụwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ ụlọ, na architects kere ọzọ masterpiece. Nke a ụlọ, flipped "isi n'ala". Ọdịdị guzo n'elu ụlọ na ya pụrụ iche chọrọ njem nleta.