Imetụ mmadụ Transistor: ịmafe na sekit na sekit. The circuit ịmafe nke bipolar transistor na a nkịtị emitter

Otu nke atọ electrode ụdị okporo ọkụ ngwaọrụ bụ bipolar transistors. nke circuit adabere ma ha nwere conductivity (oghere ma ọ bụ elektrọn) na ọrụ.

nhazi ọkwa

Transistors na-ekewa iche iche:

1. Dị ka ihe: ndị akacha eji gallium arsenide na sịlịkọn.
2. Dị ka mgbama ugboro: ala (ruo 3 MHz), ọkara (ruo 30 MHz), elu (ruo 300 MHz), na àjà ihe ọṅụṅụ-elu (n'elu 300 MHz).
3. Nke kacha ike dissipation: ruo 0.3 W, ruo 3 watts, karịa 3W.
4. Dị ka ụdị ngwaọrụ: atọ ejikọrọ na okporo ọkụ oyi akwa site na alternately na-agbanwe agbanwe kpọmkwem na inverse ụzọ ọcha conduction.

Olee otú ndị transistors?

The elu na ime n'ígwé nke transistor jikọọ na-edu ndú electrodes, karị akpọ emitter, mkpoko na isi.

The emitter na mkpoko na-adịghị dị iche iche n'ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ ụdị conductivity, ma ogo doping adịghị nke ikpeazụ bụ nnọọ ala. A ana achi achi na-abawanye na ndị allowable mmepụta voltaji.

The isi, nke bụ a n'etiti oyi akwa nwere a elu-eguzogide, dị ka mere nke a okporo ọkụ na a na-adịghị ike doping. Ọ nwere nnukwu kọntaktị ebe na mkpoko, nke mma mwepụ nke okpomọkụ eme ruru ka laa azu echiche ọjọọ ntughari, na mmemmem Itie nke nta ebu - electrons. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ntughari n'ígwé na-dabere na otu ụkpụrụ, na transistor bụ akpàràkpà ngwaọrụ. Site na-agbanwe ebe oké n'ígwé nke otu conductivity nwere ike agaghị enweta kwekọrọ ekwekọ afọ nke okporo ọkụ ngwaọrụ.

Schematics nke bipolar transistors na-enwe ike na-ya na abụọ kwuru, sị: ọ pụrụ ịbụ na-emeghe ma ọ bụ mechiri emechi. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike mode, mgbe transistor oghe emitter dechapụ mgbanwe e mere na-atụ direction. Iji maa atụ nke a tụlee ihe atụ, a transistor nke npn ụdị, ọ ga-ume site isi iyi, dị ka e gosiri na ọgụgụ n'okpuru.

Ókè nke abụọ mkpoko nkwụsị mgbe a na-emechi na a ugbu a ndiwet site na ya ekwesịghị. Ma na omume, ndị na-abụghị na-adị n'ihi na nke na nso ebe nke ikwu n'ụzọ nke ọ bụla ọzọ na ha nwekọrọ mmetụta. Ebe ọ bụ na emitter na jikọọ na "mwepu" batrị oghe mgbanwe na-enye ohere electrons ndiwet n'ime isi mpaghara, ebe ha bụ ndị mmadụ anya n'ihu recombination na oghere - isi na-ebu. Kpụrụ isi ugbu a m na _b. The ike na ọ bụ, na kwekọrọ n'ihe ọzọ mmepụta ugbu a. On ụkpụrụ a ọrụ amplifiers iji bipolar transistors.

Mgbe ndị isi bụ nanị diffusive iga nke electrons, n'ihi na e nweghị ihe nke electric ubi. N'ihi nta oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ (microns) na a nnukwu ịdị ukwuu nke ogige ịta grajentị nke na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ha niile daba mkpoko na mpaghara, ọ bụ ezie na ndị isi na-eguzogide bụ ya zuru ezu nnukwu. N'ebe ahụ ka ha kpalie adọta electric ubi, akwalite ha n'ọrụ iga. The mkpoko na emitter okwukwo bụ n'ụzọ hà, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị negligible ọnwụ nke ụgwọ mere site recombination na isi: na m _e = m _b + m _k.

The afọ nke transistors

1. The uru ihe maka voltaji U _Eq / U _BỤRỤ na ugbu a: β = m _a / m _b (n'ezie uru). A, ọnụọgụ β adịghị gafere 300, ma pụrụ iru ụkpụrụ nke 800 na n'elu.
2. Input impedance.
3. The ugboro ole nzaghachi - nke transistor arụmọrụ ruo a gaghị agara ugboro n'elu nke transients ọ na-adịghị enwe oge na-mgbanwe nke etinyere mgbaàmà.

Imetụ mmadụ Transistor: ịmafe na sekit na sekit, na ime ụdịdị

Operating ụdịdị iche dabere na otú sekit na-kpọkọtara. Signal ga-etinyere na wepụrụ na abụọ ihe ọ bụla ikpe, ma e nwere nanị atọ mkpọ. Oputara na otu electrode ga ma dịịrị ọsọ ọsọ na-mmepụta. Ya mere na-agụnye ọ bụla bipolar transistors. nke circuit: ON, OE na OK.

1. Ịkwọ ụgbọala na OK

The circuit ịmafe nke bipolar transistor na a nkịtị mkpoko: mgbama nri ka resistor R _L, nke a na-gụnyere na mkpoko circuit. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na njikọ na-ezo dị ka a nkịtị-mkpoko.

Nke a na nhọrọ na-emepụta a ugbu a uru. The uru nke emitter na-eso ụzọ bụ inye a nnukwu input impedance (10-500 ohms), nke na-enye ohere adaba ahazi cascades.

2. Ịkwọ ụgbọala na ON

The circuit ịmafe nke bipolar transistor na a nkịtị isi: na-abata mgbaàmà site C ₁ na mgbe amplification wepụrụ na mmepụta nke mkpoko circuit, nke isi electrode na-akọrọ. Na nke a, a voltaji uru bụ yiri arụ ọrụ na MA.

Na mwepu bụ a obere input impedance (30-100 ohms), na circuit na ON na-eji dị ka ihe oscillator.

3. Osise na MA

Na ọtụtụ embodiments, mgbe bipolar transistors na-eji, ịmafe na sekit na sekit na-akasị na a nkịtị emitter. The ọkọnọ voltaji nri site a ibu resistor R _L, na ihe emitter ejikọrọ na-ezighị ezi osisi nke mpụga ike ọkọnọ.

AC mgbaàmà si input ọnụ abatakwa emitter na isi electrodes (V _na), na ọ na-aghọ ibu na ịdị ukwuu (V _OA) na mkpoko circuit. Ihe bụ isi circuit ọcha: a transistor, a resistor R _L na mmepụta nke ampilifaya circuit na mpụga ike ọkọnọ. Inyeaka: capacitor C ₁ na-egbochi Itie kpọmkwem ugbu a na ndepụta circuit nke input mgbaàmà, na a resistor R _1, via nke transistor emepe.

The mkpoko voltaji nke transistor circuit na mmepụta nke resistor R _L ọnụ hà ịdị ukwuu _{EMF: V CC = m C R L} + V OA.

N'ihi ya, V _na obere mgbaàmà na ndenye na-nyere site mgbanwe nke DC ike AC mmepụta inverter transistor jisiri. Atụmatụ na-enye onye na-abawanye na input ugbu 20-100 ụfọdụ, na voltaji - na 10-200 ugboro. N'ihi ya, ike na-enwekwu.

Enweghị atụmatụ: a obere input eguzogide (500-1000 ohms). N'ihi nke a, na e nwere nsogbu na guzobere amplification nkebi. Mmepụta-eguzogide bụ 2-20 ohms.

Ndị a osise na-egosi otú ndị bipolar transistor. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-adịghị-n'ihu ihe na ọrụ ha ga-ukwuu na-emetụta mpụga mmetụta, dị ka ekpo oke ọkụ na mgbaàmà ugboro. Ọzọkwa, emitter grounding emepụta harmonic distortion na mmepụta. Ka iwelie mma ntụkwasị obi, sekit bụ ejikọrọ feedbacks, nzacha, na na. N. A bụrụ na uru a na-ebelata, ma ngwaọrụ-aghọ ndị ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.

ụdịdị nke ime

The transistor ọrụ na-emetụta uru nke ejikọrọ voltaji. All ụdịdị nwere ike gosiri ma ọ bụrụ na-etinyere circuit nke bipolar transistor nyere na mbụ na a nkịtị emitter.

1. The ịkpụ-apụ mode

Nke a mode na-kere mgbe V _BỤRỤ voltaji mbelata na 0,7 V. Na nke a, na emitter nkwụsị bụ mechiri emechi na ugbu a mkpoko anọghị ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị free electrons na isi. N'ihi ya, transistor blocks.

2. Active Mode

Ọ bụrụ na a voltaji na-etinyere ka isi nke bụ zuru ezu na-emeghe transistor, e nwere otu obere input ugbu a na ihe mụbara mmepụta, dabere na ịdị ukwuu nke uru. Mgbe ahụ transistor ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ampilifaya.

3. saturation mode

Ọ dị iche n'ọrụ mode nke na transistor a n'ụzọ zuru ezu meghere, na mkpoko ugbu a rute kacha ekwe omume uru. Ọmume-ya nwere ike na-enweta site na-agbanwe agbanwe na etinyere electromotive ike ma ọ bụ ibu ke mmepụta circuit. Mgbe na-agbanwe agbanwe isi ugbu a mkpoko na-agbanwebeghị. saturation ọchịchị ji eziokwu ahụ bụ na transistor bụ nnọọ oghe, na ebe a na ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a mgba ọkụ agbanwuru. Schematics nke bipolar transistors site na ijikọta ịkpụ-apụ na saturation ụdịdị ekwe ka gị ike na ha electronic igodo.

All ụdịdị nke ime-adabere na ọdịdị nke mmepụta e ji mara gosiri na eserese.

Ha nwere ike na-egosi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-kpọkọtara wiring esereese nke bipolar transistor na OE.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye na vetikal axis na kwụ agba na-anọchi anya na kacha mkpoko ugbu a na ego nke ọkọnọ voltaji V _CC, wee jikọọ na nsọtụ ka ọ bụla ọzọ, na-a ibu akara (red). Ọ kọwara _okwu ahụ _{bụ: M C = (V CC -} V OA) / R C. Site ọgụgụ oputara na na-arụ ọrụ mgbe a na-ekpebi mkpoko ugbu a m na _C na voltaji V _OA, ga-obibi tinyere ibu akara na ala elu na-amụba isi ugbu a na m _B.

Mpaghara V _OA n'etiti axis na mbụ mmepụta e ji mara (shaded) ebe m _B = 0 e ji mara cutoff mode. Na nke a reverse ugbu a na m _C bụ negligible na transistor a na-emechi.

The uppermost e ji mara na mmeri A intersects akara ibu, mgbe nke, na n'ihu abawanye _na mkpoko ugbu a m na agbanwebeghị. Saturation ebe ke eserese bụ shaded ebe n'etiti axis m _C na steepest e ji mara.

Olee otú ndị transistor dị iche iche ụdịdị?

The transistor na-arụ ọrụ na agbanwe ma ọ bụ mgbe niile n'ókè nyere ndenye circuit.

Imetụ mmadụ Transistor: ịmafe na sekit na sekit, ike

Ukwuu n'ime transistor eje ozi dị ka ampilifaya. The nwetụ input mgbaàmà na-akpata a mgbanwe ya mmepụta ugbu a. Ị nwere ike itinye atụmatụ na OK ma ọ bụ na MA. Na mmepụta circuit maka mgbaàmà chọrọ ibu. A na-eji a resistor n'ịnyịnya na mkpoko mmepụta circuit. Ọ bụrụ na kwesịrị ekwesị họrọ, mmepụta voltaji uru bụ budata elu karịa ọsọ ọsọ.

ampilifaya ọrụ ọma n'ihe gbasatara ihe osise.

Mgbe tọghatara usu n'ókè, a mode bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka na maka sinusoidal. Quality n'ịtụgharị ha harmonic mmiri kpebisiri ike site ugboro ole e ji mara transistors.

Work na ịmafe mode

Transistor switches na-haziri maka ndị na-abụghị na kọntaktị ịmafe njikọ na eletriki na sekit na sekit. Ụkpụrụ bụ stepwise mgbanwe ndị na-eguzogide nke transistor. Imetụ mmadụ ụdị dị mma ruru eru ka chọrọ nke isi ngwaọrụ.

ọgwụgwụ

Semiconductor ọcha eji na sekit na sekit maka n'ịtụgharị electric n'ókè. Vasatail na nnukwu nhazi ọkwa-ekwe ka obosara eji bipolar transistors. ịmafe na sekit na sekit chọpụta ha ọrụ ma na ụdịdị nke ime. Ọtụtụ na-adabere na e ji mara.

Isi circuit ịmafe bipolar transistors ikowa, tọghata na n'ịwa input n'ókè, na ịgbanwee na sekit na sekit.