Mkpoko nke Russian ala. History Association of Russia

Na nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ nke mba gwụrụ site na-emenye ihere yoke, nke hapụrụ Mongol mmeri. Mba ahụ nọ na ezughi ezu n'ime obere na ibu-isi, nke feuded Mezhuyev onwe ha. The usoro nke ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala bụ onye na-adịghị na were narị afọ abụọ. Ònye na akụkọ ihe mere eme gosiri onwe ya dị ka a mkpoko nke Russian ala? E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịrịba isi, nke e converted n'ime a coherent ezughi ezu rus Russia.

Ntoputa nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi

Na-anwụ anwụ oké Alexander Nevsky ekenyela ya ọ tọrọ nwa, abụọ afọ Daniel obere nketa, nke guzoro nso na na etiti nke Moscow. Naanị afọ iri na ise Daniil Aleksandrovich wee malite ịchị n'ala ha na oke-elekọta, na-agbalị ibi n'udo na ya agbata obi, dị ka ọ bụ adịghị ike.

Dịkọrọ ndụ na-eme atụmatụ na udo ndụ nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi, odụri ndị mmadụ n'ime ya. Moscow bụ nwayọọ nwayọọ tojuru ahịa ụlọ ahịa, craft noo. Na na njedebe nke ndụ ya Daniil Aleksandrovich mmasị ala-ha Kolomna, ga-emepe ụzọ Volga, na Pereslavl-Zaleski, nke bu "isi" na isi obodo nke Vladimir. Anyị nwere ike iche na nke a bụ nke mbụ na mkpoko nke Russian ala. Ọ nwụrụ na mmalite nke XVI na narị afọ na a na-anwụghị site ya ụmụ ndị ikom ise, bụ onye nọgidere ya iwu.

Ivan Danilovich

Prince Ivan bụ anọ nwa Daniel, na-enwe olileanya ịchị Moscow, ọ fọrọ obere bụ. Ma ya atọ ndị tọrọ ụmụnna - Yuri, Boris na St. Athanasius - nwụrụ ma ibonke nketa. N'ihi ya, na 1325 m, na iri anọ na abụọ afọ eze malitere na Moscow ala Ivan m Danilovich. Mgbe a na afọ, ọchịchị na-akpa, na Prince Ivan ndụ ka malitere. N'oge ahụ ọ dịghị onye maara na ọ - a mkpoko nke Russian ala.

Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, na Tver gburu Horde. Nke a obodo nsogbu wetara Russia Mongolian punitive mkpọsa. Prince Ivan manyere gaa na-ebelata nsogbu ke Tver na ya pụta bụ na Great Novgorod na Kostroma, na oche-eze nke Grand Duke Vladimir.

Conventionally, Ivan Kalita nwa mbụ isi niile isi Russia, a nri o nyere eze na Vladimir. Guzosie ike iji ọlị, Ivan Kalita. Mkpoko nke Russian ala n'otu Ecclesiastical ikike Moscow, nke n'ihu nọ na Vladimir, na ego. Iji mezuo nke a, na 1326, ọ tọrọ maka Shrine of Anyị Lady of Metropolitan Peter. Na mgbe ọnwụ nke Orthodox Kalita Department nọgidere na Moscow. Dị ka ya ma ọ bụ Russian isi mere na-amasị, ma Moscow n'otu dum ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Personality Ivan m Danilovich

O zeere-ahụ na e megidere ndị Horde, n'ihi na o megidere iwu udo ndụ. Tribute ya e nyere na-anakọta si n'ebe niile Russia, na-ezite ya na Horde mgbe ndị Tver nsogbu. Ma, ọ bụ siri ike. All n'okpuru ọ bụla pretext, karịsịa Novgorod, gbalịrị ize eze ugwo nke ụtụ. M nwere mbuso agha imenyeujo, na-ekwesi olu ọchị onyinye. Ike karịsịa dị mkpa mgbe Horde choro n'oge ugwo. Ke adianade do, ọ dị mkpa iji weghachi iji nile na ikike obibi na-apụnara mmadụ na-agha na convoy nke ụtụ, na ndị nkịtị. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke robberies, eme ka ihe kara ndị nkịtị.

iju aha otutu

Ya aha otutu "Kalita" (wallet, ego bag) Prince Ivan natara maka ike jikwaa ego, nke o ngwa ngwa na-ekesa ndị ogbenye na ụzọ ọpụpụ si na ha-ulo. Ọ na ozugbo gbara ya gburugburu a ìgwè mmadụ, na onye ọ bụla bụ a na mkpụrụ ego.

Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na otu nwoke bịakwutere ya a ugboro ole na ole, onye-isi mgbe jụrụ. Ntre enye adaha ọzọ aha otutu - Good. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ enweghị ike ịzọpụta, mgbe zitere a-adọ ụtụ, n'ihi na e wezụga ya si Russian isi na Horde ọ dịghị onye ọzọ na-aga. Nke a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na nanị nri na-ekwurịta okwu na Horde e ofu na ya nketa. Ego na-akwakọba Ivan Danilovich ewekarị abamuru nke ihe gbasara onye isi: ịzụta Uglich, Galich na Belozersk. Ya mere, o a mkpoko nke Russian ala.

domesticity

The isi lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Nwunye nke mbụ Helen bụ na e weere ya na nwa nwaanyị nke onye-isi nke Smolensk. The nwunye nke abụọ bụ Juliana, nke Ivan hapụrụ a ọgaranya ketara na ihe ịchọ mma ọlaedo nke nwunye ya mbụ.

"Nkịtị ukwuu"

Na setịpụrụ na 1328 site na 1340 mba nọworo na-udo. Ọ bụghị "mkpari" bụ ihe na-agbawa obi raids. Mee ma na-eto eto obodo, a bi na ọ dịghị onye-ebibi, ma ikadaha na zuru, mụbara, ka udo na jụụ ndụ, na-azọpụta site na ike na-alụ ọgụ na Mongol. Prince Ivan Kalita kwubiri dynastic di na nwunye nke ụmụ na Yaroslavl, Rostov na Belozersky isi na pụrụ nke ọdịnihu ha. A nọchiri Simeon Ivanovich lụrụ ada Gediminas, iji hụ na nchekwa nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala. Prince Ivan Danilovich - dị ka a mkpoko nke Russian ala. Ọ bụ na-enweghị mgbagha.

N'oge a, Ivan Danilovich ike Moscow. On Borovitsky ugwu o wuru ise Cathedrals. Metropolitan Peter ji aka ya tọrọ mbụ nkume nke Katidral nke mwere. Ya mere Moscow ghọọ a okpukpe isi obodo.

Ivan Danilovich na 1339 wuru a sturdy oak Kremlin. Ọ bụ nnọọ mkpa. Mgbe niile, ndị Mongol dị nnọọ enyo anyị enyo nke ọ bụla mgbalị ike n'obodo. Tupu ọnwụ ya, onye-isi were nkwa na ekpe onye nketa ka okenye nwa Simeon. Mgbe a na-eli Ivana Kality na 1340, ụmụ ya dechara mma multicolor ese ụlọ arụsị, nyere iwu ka jewelers ememe arịa, tubà ọhụrụ hey na belfry.

Na-eso ụzọ nke nna ya na nna nna ikpe

Policy, nke e nwere site Ivan Kalita, a mkpoko nke Russian ala, na obere, gaa n'ihu ya ndikom Simeon mpako Ivan na Red. Ha mụtara ihe niile ya na nna ya - na na ya agbata obi na Horde, pacify isi ike onyinye ma ọ bụ egwu. Na Russia dị ka a dum kemgbe udo. Na oge na-aga. M wee ruo na 1359. N'ihi na orú arọ na iri, ụwa toro a ọgbọ nke ndị na-amaghị raids nke Mongol. Ma onye-isi, onye ama ama emeghị agwụ site na afọ, Dmitry Ivanovich, ike-abịa okwu na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nduzi na Russia Horde. The Mongol nweghị mbụ dịrị n'otu. Ha na-ekewasị esịtidem emegiderịta. Dmitry Ivanovich kpebiri-uru nke nri oge na ịkwatu yoke.

Ọ ndibọhọ ke n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1380 a ọbara Kulikov agha, ndikan Mamayev agha. Ma ka oge na ngụkọta ntọhapụ nke Russia erubeghị. Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara, ndị agha Tokhtamysh kpara na ọkụ Moscow, na ọzọ isi nke Moscow, na ihere na nwa diya, gara Horde khans na onyinye na natara labelụ ibu eze.

Ivan - ikpeazụ mkpoko nke Russian ala

Nwa Prince Vasily ihe Blind, bụ onye na-kpuo ìsì n'oge internecine agha nke ọzọ Russian isi ndi nwere elu oké ọchịchọ, na asatọ afọ nke nọ ọdụ na-esote ya na nna ya bụ ya co-regent. Ọ bụ ihe siri ike, ọbụna obi ọjọọ akwụkwọ. Prince Vasili onwe eru onye na-achị, ma nwa-ya bụ a dị ike statesman. Ebe rịgooro ebekpo ke Moscow na 1462, ọ na-aga na Mongolia maka labelụ ibu eze. Mgbe ọ na-Muscovy gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ala na ndị mmadụ. Ọ okokụre ike na fragmentation nke ala. Mgbe o mere accession Yaroslavsky (1463), Rostov (1474) Tver (1485) alaeze na Vjatskoj ala (1489). Na 1478 o bibiri Republic of Novgorod kpam meriri obodo n'ala onwe ya. N'ezie, ọ bụ Grand Duke - a mkpoko nke Russian ala.

The nhazigharị nke Moscow Kremlin

Oké Ọchịchọ na nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ malitere ọrụ 1495. E bibiri niile remnants nke ochie mgbidi Kremlin, wuru ọhụrụ elu na elu mgbidi, idei mmiri osimiri Neglinka.

Ọ ghọọ a ọdọ, nke a na-eche nche site Kremlin na n'ebe ugwu nke ọkụ na ndị iro. Ha gwuru a okporo mmiri, tinyere n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mgbidi, ma gaa na-mmiri si ọdọ. The Kremlin ghọrọ-apụghị imeri emeri agwaetiti. Na 1479 anyị wuru ọhụrụ Cathedral nke mwere na Kremlin. Ịtali ahụ wuru na faceted Chamber. Ọ na-e bu n'obi maka oriri nke ndị mba ọzọ nnọchiteanya. E nwere ọtụtụ ndị ụka dị iche iche na n'ụlọ nsọ na-na-ewu ya, na Kremlin aghọwo kpamkpam unrecognizable.

Personal ndụ

Grand Prince of Moscow lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Inside ezinụlọ ya mgbe nile Ise-okwu. Ivan Young, nwa site nwunye ya mbụ, bụ onye ga-eketa. Ma ọ fiercely asị nna ya nwunye nke abụọ, Sofyu Paleolog, na ụmụ ya. New Greek ezinụlọ zara ya otu asị.

Na 1490, Ivan Young na-arịa ọrịa. Greek nwaanyị nyere ya dọkịta ya, ọ nwua. Ivan III mere ya onye-nketa nwa Ivan na Young, ala Rọshịa bụ Dmitri. Ma Basil, nwa mbụ nke Sophia, egwu nna m na ọ ga-agbaga Lithuania na ga-amalite na ya n'agha nke oche-eze. Ivan III nyere na nyere ocheeze ka Vasily. Mgbe ọnwụ nke nna-ya Vasily niile ikwu mkpọrọ, ebe ha na-akpa. Ma tupu aga na-eme a ịrịba omume nke Russia.

Na Ugra River

Ebe ọ bụ na 1476, Ivan III kwụsịrị-akwụ ụtụ ndị Horde. Horde nwetara nchegbu na malitere iji kpokọta ike na njem na Moscow. Na 1480, ndị agha nke Great Horde, nke e gwepịara site a atọ Khanate, agha, edu Akhmad Khan, ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta otu narị kilomita nke Moscow. Ọ bụ mbubreyo mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Horde ọtụtụ ugboro na-agbalị na-agafe osimiri Ugra, ma ha nwara oyi n'ahụ site ogbunigwe, nke Ivan III hazigharịrị na mere kwekọrọ niile kasị mma n'omume.

Army nyere n'iwu site Ivan Young. Ivan III onwe ya na-aga agha, na-akwadebe ma nyefee mgbọ, nri na nri. A izu ole na ole e nwere ndị abụọ ndị agha na-dị iche iche n'akụkụ abụọ nke Ugra. Frosts kụrụ, na Han Ahmat duru ndị agha ya azụ. N'ihi ya biri a 240 afọ yoke.

Mgbe ndị isi nke Moscow gosiri dum Russian otu, na ha dị njikere ma nwee ike ịtọhapụ ndị obodo si Mongol yoke, niile sympathies-ha n'akụkụ. Ma ọgwụgwụ nke aha ọjọọ, dabere chọrọ ikesiike ike n'ime obodo na ọ ọzọ na-adịghị gbasasịa n'ime obere fiefdoms. Ma, ọ bụ a ọrụ ahụ ga-edozi ndị ọzọ. Ka ọ dịgodị, mmeri E gosipụtara ọhụrụ aha - na Emperor of All Russia.