Ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium: n'iji, mmepụta, imegharị ihe maka iji

Humanity bụ mgbe niile na search nke ọhụrụ na isi mmalite nke ike nke pụrụ idozi ọtụtụ nsogbu. Ma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile, ha na-mma. N'ihi ya, akpan akpan, na ọtụtụ-eji taa nuclear ngwa agha ọ bụ ezie na enwe ike ịzụlite dị otú ahụ a ukwuu ego nke niile dị mkpa eletriki ume ka efu ihe ize ndụ. Ma, na mgbakwunye na ojiji nke nuclear ike maka udo, ụfọdụ mba nke ụwa mụtara iji ya, na ndị agha, akpan akpan n'ihi ihe e kere eke nke nuclear warheads. Isiokwu a ga-atụle na ndabere nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebibi ngwá agha, onye aha - ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium.

Background

Na nke a kọmpat ụdị metal na ọ nwere dịkarịa ala 93,5% 239Pu isotope. Ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium aha ya bụ otú ahụ iji mee ka o ịmata si "nwanna nke chernobyl." Onwere, na plutonium na-mgbe guzobere nnọọ ọ bụla nuclear chernobyl, nke, n'aka, na-agba na ala-na-mma ma ọ bụ eke uranium, nwere, n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ, ndị isotope 238U.

Jiri ndị agha oru

Ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium 239Pu - ndabere nke ngwá agha nuklia. Na nke a, na ojiji nke isotopes na uka nọmba 240 na 242 dị adịghị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ha na dị nnọọ elu neutron ndabere, nke n'ikpeazụ-egbochikwa ihe e kere eke na imewe nke elu-arụmọrụ nuclear ibu. Ọzọkwa, plutonium isotopes 240Pu na 241Pu ndị budata nta ọkara ndụ tụnyere 239Pu, Otú ọ dị plutonium ike kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ akụkụ. Ọ bụ na a na njikọ na ngwá agha nuklia injinia na-amanye itinye ndị ọzọ ọcha maka wepụ ngafe okpomọkụ. Site n'ụzọ, 239Pu ọcha ọkụ ahụ. Otu onye nwere ike ma na-echebara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ngwaahịa nke ire ere nke arọ isotopes na-doro emerụ mgbanwe crystal lattice nke metal, na ọ bụ ezi eke reconfigures akụkụ nke plutonium, nke na ọgwụgwụ nwere ike ime ka a akụọla afọ n'ala nke a nuclear mgbawa ngwaọrụ.

Site na nnukwu, ndị a niile ihe isi ike nwere ike imeri. Na, na omume, anyị ugboro ugboro gafere ule nke na-agbawa agbawa ngwaọrụ na ndabere nke na ọ bụ "chernobyl" plutonium. Ma, ọ ga-aghọta na a ngwá agha nuklia na-adịghị ikpeazụ ọnọdụ ji site ha compactness, ala Ewepụ Ihe Mgbochi arọ, anwụ ngwa ngwa na a pụrụ ịdabere. Na nke a, ha na-eji naanị ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium.

Design atụmatụ nke mmepụta ngwa agha

Fọrọ nke nta niile plutonium na Russia na-eme n'ime chernobyl onwem na a graphite onye njikwa oge. Onye ọ bụla nke ngwa agha na-wuru gburugburu a cylindrically kpọkọtara nkanka nke graphite.

Kpọkọtara n'etiti graphite blocks nwere a pụrụ iche oghere maka inye ndị na-aga n'ihu mgbasa nke coolant, nke a na-eji dị ka nitrogen. Na kpọkọtara Ọdịdị, na na-ekwesị mere ndokwa ọwa kere maka Itie jụrụ mmiri na ha ma na mmanụ ụgbọala. Site n'onwe ya, na nzukọ a na-ọnwụ na-akwado na Ọdịdị na oghere channelụ na-eji maka Mbupu ama ụzarị ọkụ na mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ihi ya ọ bụla nke na ọwa na mkpa-walled tube na-akpụzi si a fechaa na extra ike aluminum alloy. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a kọwara ọwa nwere 70 mmanụ ụgbọala mkpara. Jụrụ mmiri na-abanye kpọmkwem gburugburu mmanụ ụgbọala mkpara, wepụ ngafe okpomọkụ si ha.

Ịba ike mmepụta ngwa agha

Ná mmalite, mbụ chernobyl "laithaus" e-arụ ọrụ na ike nke 100 MW thermal. Otú ọ dị, isi onye ndú nke Soviet ngwá agha nuklia development program, Igor Kurchatov mere a amaghị, nke bụ na chernobyl bụ n'oge oyi, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ike nke 170-190 MW, na okpomọkụ oge - 140-150 MW. Nke a na obibia nyeere chernobyl na-emepụta banyere 140 grams nke dị oké ọnụ ahịa plutonium kwa ụbọchị.

Na 1952, nke zuru ezu na nkà mmụta sayensị-nnyocha ọrụ a rụrụ na iji dịkwuo mmepụta ike nke na-arụ ọrụ ngwa agha ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ:

• Site na-amụba ka mmiri na-eji maka obi jụrụ na-eru site na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara nke a nuclear echichi.
• Site na-amụba iguzogide corrosion onu aa nso wet ọwa.
• Kpukpru usen ọnụego ọxịdashọn nke graphite.
• Okpomọkụ buildup n'ime mmanụ ụgbọala mkpụrụ ndụ.

N'ihi ya, ike nke-ekesa mmiri na-budata ụba mgbe ọ na e ụba na na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmanụ ụgbọala ọwa mgbidi. Corrosion nwekwara jisiri tufuo. N'ihi nke a, anyị na-ahọrọ ndị kasị mma aluminum alloys e ifịk ifịk na-agbakwunye sodium dichromate, nke n'ikpeazụ enwekwukwa na softness nke jụrụ mmiri (onye Onyenwe anyị + bụ hà banyere 6.0-6.2). Ọxịdashọn nke graphite akwụsịla na-abụ nsogbu, mgbe ígwè ide nitrogen (mbụ na-eji naanị ikuku) ka obi jụrụ.

Mgbe anyanwụ dara 1950 innovations e chọpụtara na omume, na otú mbenata radieshon na-akpata ọzịza nke uranium nnọọ enweghị isi, ukwuu belata thermal hardening nkpa-n'aka nke uranium ka mma akpụkpọ ahụ na-eguzogide ma melite mmepụta àgwà akara.

Production na "Mayak"

"Chelyabinsk-65" - otu n'ime ndị kasị enwe mmetụta ọsọ ọsọ osisi na nke ya na-emepụta ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium. The enterprise bụ ihe ngwa agha, onye ọ bụla nke anyị ga-elerukwu anya.

A chernobyl

The echichi e mere na wuru n'okpuru idu ndú nke kpara N. A. Dollezhalya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ike nke 100 MW. Chernobyl nwere 1.149 ekwesị ndokwa akara na mmanụ ụgbọala ọwa na graphite ngọngọ. Complete Ọdịdị ibu bụ banyere 1.050 tọn. Fọrọ nke nta niile ọwa (ma e wezụga 25) na-kwajuru na uranium, ngụkọta uka nke 120-130 tọn. 17 ọwa na-eji akara n'iwu ma 8 - maka nwere. The kacha okpomọkụ ntọhapụ ọnụego nke imewe nke mmanụ ụgbọala cell hà 3,45 kW. Na mbụ chernobyl emepụta banyere 100 grams nke plutonium kwa ụbọchị. First plutonium metal e mere April 16, 1949.

nkà na ụzụ-adịghị emezi emezi

Almost nnọọ a oké nsogbu, nke bụ corrosion nke aluminum inserts na coatings nke mmanụ ụgbọala cell ozugbo mata. Ọzọkwa ha hụkwa na mebiri emebi mmanụ ụgbọala n'iwu ma-asọpụta kpọmkwem n'ime obi jụrụ mmiri nke chernobyl isi. Mgbe ọ bụla leakage chernobyl nwere na-kwụsịrị n'ihi na ruo 10 awa ikwupụta akọrọ graphite. Na January 1949 inserts n'ime ọwa e dochie. Mgbe ahụ, na-amalite na nwụnye wee ebe March 26, 1949.

Mezuwo plutonium mmepụta ke chernobyl A nke e so site ụdị nile nke ihe isi ike kọwakwuru n'oge afọ 1950-1954, na nkezi ike nke 180 MW unit. Ụdi ọrụ site na mmalite nke chernobyl sochiri a ọzọ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ were ya, nke bụ ezi eke na emewo ka ndị ọzọ Ugboro akwụsị (ruo 165 ugboro kwa ọnwa). N'ihi ya, na October 1963, chernobyl e mechie na kpọliteghachiri naanị na opupu ihe ubi nke 1964. Ya mkpọsa a na akwụsịla na 1987 na n'oge nile nke ogologo oge ọrụ na-emepụta 4.6 tọn plutonium.

ngwa agha AB

The enterprise "Chelyabinsk-65" atọ ngwa agha AB e kpebiri-ewu n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1948. Ha mmepụta ike bụ 200-250 grams nke plutonium kwa ụbọchị. Chief mmebe nke oru ngo bụ Savin. Onye ọ bụla chernobyl gụnyere 1 996 ọwa, 65 nke bụ ndị na njikwa. onye ọ bụla ọwa na-ọnọ na a pụrụ iche detector coolant leakage - The technical ọhụrụ osisi e ji mee ihe. Dị otú a aga ga-ekwe ka m ntị enweghị interrupting ọrụ nke chernobyl.

The n'afọ mbụ nke ọrụ nke ngwa agha kpughere na ha n'ịwa banyere 260 grams nke plutonium kwa ụbọchị. Otú ọ dị, site n'afọ nke abụọ nke ọrụ ike na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba, na ugbua na 1963 ya ọnụego bụ 600 MW. Mgbe nke abụọ overhaul e kpamkpam-edozi nsogbu na inserts, na ike esesịn ruru 1,200 MW na kwa afọ na mmepụta nke plutonium 270 kilogram. Ndị a na-egosi na ọbọhọ mezue mmechi nke ngwa agha.

Chernobyl Ai-Iye

Chelyabinsk ụlọ ọrụ iji nke a ọnọdụ na oge site na 22 December 1951 ruo 25 May 1987. Ke adianade uranium, chernobyl mepụtara ka cobalt-60, na polonium-210. Ná mmalite, na ihe owuwu emepụta tritium, ma mgbe e mesịrị wee malite ịnata na plutonium.

Ọzọkwa nhazi osisi ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium nwere iwu ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ na arọ na mmiri na naanị ìhè-mmiri chernobyl (aha ya - "Ruslan").

Siberia ibu

"Tomsk-7" - na nke ahụ bụ aha na-ebu osisi, nke nwere ise ngwa agha ike plutonium. Onye ọ bụla nke aggregates nke graphite etinyere jiri neutrons, na ndị nkịtị mmiri iji hụ na ezigbo jụrụ.

Na chernobyl-1 na-arụ ọrụ na obi jụrụ usoro nke mmiri na-ebugharị otu ugboro. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ anọ nkeji na-onwem na a mechiri emechi bụ isi circuit onwem na okpomọkụ exchangers. Nke a imewe na-enye ohere ịzụlite n'ihu ka na uzuoku, nke n'aka nke na-enyere aka na mmepụta nke ọkụ eletrik na kpo oku nke dị iche iche ogige.

"Tomsk-7", na chernobyl na-akpọ Ei-2, nke, n'aka, nwere a sọrọ nzube: na-emepụta plutonium na-efu nke na-emepụta uzuoku eme electric ike nke 100 MW na 200 MW okpomọkụ.

ozi dị mkpa

On na-emesi obi nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, bụ ọkara ndụ-nke na ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium bụ banyere 24 360 afọ. A nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ! Na nke a, a karịsịa nnukwu ajụjụ na-aghọ: "Olee otú n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eme na n'efu mmepụta nke item" The kasị mma nhọrọ na-atụle ga-ewu ụlọ nke pụrụ iche ụlọ ọrụ maka inwekwu nhazi nke ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na nke a, mmewere nwere ike agaghịkwa ga-eji agha nzube na ga na-achị mmadụ. Ọ bụ otú ahụ mkpofu ihe-agha-ọkwa plutonium na Russia, ma United States of America wee ndị ọzọ ụzọ, si otú emebi ya mba nkwa ime.

N'ihi ya, US ọchịchị obụp ibibi ukwuu enriched mmanụ nuklia na- agaghị industrially emepụta, na site dilution nke plutonium na echekwa ya na pụrụ iche containers na a omimi nke 500 mita. Ọ baghị uru ikwu na, na na nke a, ihe nwere ike mfe ịbụ na ọ bụla oge na-ewepụ site n'ụwa, na ọzọ na-etinye ya na agha zaa. Dị ka Russian President Vladimir Putin, mba ibido kwetara na ya agaghị ebibi plutonium a n'ụzọ a, na-ebu imegharị na ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ.

Uche pụrụ iche na-enye uru nke ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium. Ndị ọkachamara na-eme atụmatụ na ọtụtụ iri tọn a mmewere nwere ike ịbụ uru na ọtụtụ ijeri US dollar. Ma ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na E nwere na-eme atụmatụ 500 tọn ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium dị ukwuu dị ka 8 puku ijeri dollar. The ego nke-akpali mmasị n'ezie. Iji mee ka ọ ghọtakwuo, dị ka a otutu ego, ka na-ekwu na iri gara aga narị afọ nke 20 na nkezi kwa afọ ọnụego nke Russian GDP bụ $ 400 ijeri. Nke ahụ bụ, n'ezie, ndị ezigbo price nke ngwá agha-ọkwa plutonium bụ hà iri abụọ kwa afọ GDP nke Russian Federation.