"Tunguska" (ikuku na-azara ọnụ agha-egbe usoro): nkọwa nke isi e ji mara

Na mma nke ikuku agha yiri iro ke mbubreyo sixties ya mkpa ọhụrụ ikuku agbachitere usoro. Onye ọ bụla nke ji Iguzogide na-efe efe ihe mgbaru ọsọ nwere ya uru, ma ọ bụghị zuru ezu na-enweghị erughị eru. Otu n'ime mgbalị ike a vasatail ngwá agha ike na-ebibi zaa dị iche iche elu, ghọrọ Soviet IRC "Tunguska", na-akpụ akpụ dị iche iche gbapụrụ ọsọ. The eziokwu na n'azụ a codename, na ihe ndị preconditions nke ọdịdị ya na-arụ ọrụ, a ga-atụle n'isiokwu a.

Rọketi-antiaircraft egbe ma ọ bụ égbè?

Na nkera nke abụọ nke XX narị afọ, isi n'aka agbachitere ghọrọ a rọketi. Ya uru pụtara ìhè n'oge a ma ama mere na 1960, mgbe spy ụgbọelu, efe efe na a siburu apụghị iru elu, ama gbara ala site na Soviet ikuku agbachitere. Na ọnụego nke ọzọ akụ ụta karịa ihe ọ bụla ogbunigwe shei, na ọ na-akawanye elu. O nwere, Otú ọ dị, a ịrịba drawback - na price, ma n'ihi ya, mgbe e nwere ajụjụ nke nchekwa ikuku ala, kwesịrị iguzo. Ná mmalite 80-ies nke Soviet Army bụ ikuku na-azara ọnụ agha-egbe mgbagwoju 2C6 "Tunguska", nke a na-akpụ akpụ mgbagwoju, na ijikọta na agha na ogbunigwe ngwá agha. Ndị dị otú ahụ ohere, na ijikọta "abụọ na otu" n'oge ahụ enweghị otu ntụ ozize usoro ke ererimbot. Iji na-aghọta mkpa dị ngwa maka ndị dị otú ahụ a ụdị nke ogwe aka, were a rigorous analysis nke dịkọrọ ndụ agha esemokwu na ama ebe ahụ, ekele, karịrị ala nke mba anyị.

Ahụmahụ nke na-eji SLM na mkpokọta echiche nke "Tunguska"

Na 1973, ndị Middle East. N'oge n'ubọchi Kippur War, Soviet ọrụ ọkachamara aka Arab mba-sonyere nke ndị agha, tinyere Egypt.

October 15 nsuso ụgbọ Egypt kọrọ na-eru nso si Mediterranean ìgwè nke Israel "Phantoms", esịnede ọtụtụ ugbo elu. Ha na a ala elu, na-abịa Nile Delta.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye iro ndị Ijipt airfields. Ya mere Israel Air Force akwọ gbalịrị izere ihe ize ndụ nke a na-kụrụ emegide ugbo elu agba nke Soviet rụpụta, ike nke na-eti ụgbọelu na-efe efe na-ajụ na elu karị, ma ha na-eche onye wetara mberede. N'etiti ọtụtụ tributaries na confluence nke oge ochie osimiri n'ime oké osimiri Ijipt enịm na rafts, pontoons-emegide ugbo elu "Shilka" onwe-propelled egbe, n'ụzọ nkịtị vsporovshie ụgbọelu fuselages na "Phantom" na ha ngwa-firing egbe. Ndị a ZSU nwere ha onwe ha Rada na nnọọ mma na akpaaka, na-enyere ndu iji ọkụ, na-eji ndị North Vietnamese agha n'oge echiche nke American ịchọ okwu. Ọ na-aghọ ZSU "Tunguska" N'otu echiche, ya nketa. Sam ikuku agbachitere nwere na-agaghị emeli na ala ịgba nke elu, na onwe-propelled-emegide ugbo elu echichi - na top. Na na Soviet Union kpebiri ikpokọta ike nke ndị a abụọ na ụdị ikuku agbachitere akụ na a otu usoro.

Umu anumanu na osisi aha na mgbanwe

The mgbagwoju banyere ọrụ na Soviet Army na 1982, ozugbo ntọhapụ nke ndị Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MCI mbụ ibuo ogbe nke ígwè ọrụ. Site ná mmalite, na-oru ngo-a nkewa n'elu nzuzo, a na-akọwa ụfọdụ n'ime iche iche na nzuzo, nọmba na akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, nke o ẹkedọhọde ke ọha domain. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe aha na-egosi na pịa 2S16 ( "Tunguska"). Air agbachitere agha usoro n'ụzọ ziri ezi denoted 2C6, o doro anya, e nwere a mperi ndenye ihe wetara njehie, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ omume na "16" - bụkwa ụdị ụfọdụ. Mmelite nke na ngwá agha bụ-aga n'ihu, ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị omume na niile ụsụụ ndị agha nke ụwa. Ọ pụtara "Tunguska-M" na 1990. Antiaircraft egbe-agha usoro e kwalite na nwetara ọhụrụ management atụmatụ, nke na-agụnye a laser rangefinder, na ekpebi "enyi ma ọ bụ onye iro", na ike osisi aghọwo duplicated inyeaka ike unit.

Modernization ọrụ e mepụtara, na mgbe ndị Soviet ida na ike 90s. The N'ihi nke ha ghọrọ egbe-agha mgbagwoju "Tunguska-M1", nke ngosi nke nke ghọrọ dị n'ihi na eziokwu na nke a mgbanwe e exported, akpan akpan ke India. The koodu eji Ọtụtụ - 2K22. Nke a factory designation IRC "Tunguska". Antiaircraft egbe-agha usoro nwere a NATO "aha" - "SA-19 Grison".

Kọmputa anya na ụbụrụ

Site aha nke mgbagwoju anya na ya mgwo agha mejupụtara abụọ mmiri - na ogbunigwe na-emegide ugbo elu agha. Ma ndị a, ndị nwere onye usoro nduzi, ma Rada, iji hụ na eruba n'ime ọmụma na ikuku ahụ, ha ịkọrọ (sọrọ-gbalaga). Ndị a bụ ndị "anya" na-achọ nzube a okirikiri mode. Sector ndepụta mmezi ebe a na-nyere, na ikpe-ekwe omume nke visual na kọntaktị na-anakwere na iji ngwa anya n'aka.

The ọhụrụ usoro bụghị nanị enwe ike ikpebi na gị onwe gị ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ ụgbọala, kamakwa reliably akọ ya mba ka a anya nke 18 km.

2C6 (ma ọ bụ ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" pụrụ iduga nsuso efe n'elu zaa ọtụtụ algọridim (ngwa ngwa, atọ axis angular abụọ-ahazi), eji data site na ha onwe ha Rada ma ọ bụ mpụga Rada ụgbọ. Ọ rụrụ ndị dị mkpa mgbawa wuru TSEVM osisi. Ìhè ụfọdụ ụzọ ụbọ akara ma ọ bụ firing a rụrụ na-akpaghị aka, dabere na electronic counter na nnyonye anya larịị. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka akpaka mgbawa ọkụ bụ na ntuziaka mode.

ogbunigwe

Self-propelled-emegide ugbo elu echichi "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) egosiwo na-ukwuu irè, ma site na njedebe nke 70s ọ kwụsịrị izute arụmọrụ e ji mara nke Soviet agha. Kwuru na-dị isi ezughi oke caliber (22 mm) nwere mmetụta nke dịtụ obere okirikiri nke lesion. ZRPK egbe 2S16 "Tunguska" ọzọ dị ike tridtsatimillimetrovye, na ha ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbada n'usoro site na ọkara, ha ghọrọ abụọ. Nke a bụ kpọmkwem ikpe mgbe obere dị mma. The firing nso amụbawo site 2,5 ka 8 km, na osisi ike nke ọkụ, n'agbanyeghị na ala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ị ga, mụbara site na 3.4 5 agba kwa nkeji.

akụ ụta

Isi ngwá agha nke mgbagwoju - a abụọ-ogbo na-achịkwa agha 9M311. O mere ndokwa-akpali nnọọ mmasị. The akpa ogbo - siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala, bụ a fechaa faiba glaasi uwe jupụtara mmanụ ụgbọala. Na nke abụọ akụkụ, ndikan mezuo a kpọmkwem, ọ dịghị moto, ọ na-akwali ka ogbunigwe projectile na a usu nwetara n'oge osooso, ma ọ nwere ike na-achịkwa n'ihi na gas generator ewekarị na ọdụ òkè. Communication na agha akara ojii - optic na-enye a zuru okè ọgụ. Aiming a rụrụ na a semiautomatic mode iji redio iwu lettered frequencies arụnyere ozugbo tupu ịmalite na ZRPK "Tunguska". Air agbachitere agha-egbe usoro nke ya circuitry eliminates ekwe omume nke ihe electronic intercept na ébé agba. Iji hụ na e meriri ọkụkụ lekwasịrị na-adịghị mkpa, fuuz na-enye mgbasa mkpanaka pụtara ìhè ọcha na chọrọ anya na contactless mode. Eight launchers.

Chassis

The agagharị nke ikuku na-azara ọnụ ọcha na frontal ebe maka edinam nke na, n'eziokwu, bụ a mgbagwoju, agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị a dị ike, pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, na elu-ọsọ gia na elu okporo ụzọ. Iji zere-enweghị isi mmefu, e kpebiri efego-emegide ugbo elu agha na egbe usoro 2K22 "Tunguska" na Chassis nke GM-352 na mbụ mepụtara onwe-propelled "ebu". The ọsọ igwe nke na-amalite tinyere okporo ụzọ, - 65 km / h, na anya-ụzọ teren ma ọ bụ ịbịachi ya ndammana ala (site 10 ruo 40 km / h). The dizel engine-46-2S1 ikike 710 lita. a. Ọ na-enye a ụzọ n'akuku nke 35 Celsius. Suspension nke rollers onye caterpillars, na a hydro-pneumatic actuators gụnyere elu ukpụhọde na ebuli ahụ n'ala.

na ndi oru ugbo

Ikpuchido pesonel nyere mgbọ na mgbochi egbugbu ntinye akwụkwọ welded ụlọ. Na imi nke ụgbọ ala na-emi odude akwọ ụgbọala oche e wezụga ya, atọ ndị ọzọ ndị mmadụ na-na mobile ụlọ elu (ọchịagha, Rada ọrụ na onye agha), eme ka ndi oru ugbo ZRPK "Tunguska". Air agbachitere agha-egbe usoro mkpatụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ọnọdụ n'ime 8 sekọnd, fanye ya (na enyemaka pụrụ iche igwe dabeere KAMAZ-43101) bụ 16 nkeji.

Oge dị otú ahụ osisi na-achọ dị iche iche proficiency na iru eru enweta mgbe nile nke izi ihe.

The creators nke mgbagwoju

Special okwu kwesịrị isi usoro mmebe - Shipunov AG na V. P. Gryazev, e mere egbe, na isi ọkachamara na Tammy - VM Kuznetsov, nke e kere site ná mgbalị nke ndị "Tunguska". Air agbachitere agha-egbe usoro bụ n'ihi co-operation nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nke USSR. Esoro Chassis arụpụtara ke Minsk, na traktọ factory, usoro nduzi na debug aga na "n'ókè" Optics - na Leningrad LOMO. The ọrụ dị na ndị ọzọ na nkà mmụta sayensị na na ulo oru òtù nke Soviet Union.

Ogbunigwe na ngwá agha na-emepụta Tula, Tammy anakọtara na Kirov ( "laithaus").

ahụmahụ nke na ngwa

N'oge ugbu oge na ụwa na e nweghị ndị ọzọ dị ike mobile ntụ ozize usoro karịa "Tunguska". Antiaircraft egbe-agha usoro, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ya bipụta ya nzube bụghị ma e ji mee. N'oge agha na Bosnia, Chechnya, ọ na-eji ọkụ etiwapụ megide ala zaa, ma n'ihi nzube a na e nwere pụrụ iche iche nke ngwá na mgbọ. The agha nchedo 2K22 bụ ezughi oke na-eduzi ala agha. Mgbe abụọ na iri na abuo IRC "Tunguska-M1" iri na ise mebiri (tumadi ruru RPG gbaa), iwu abịawo a eke ọgwụgwụ nke ogbenye arụmọrụ na usoro nke ntụ ozize okpuru agha. Consolation nwere ike ịbụ na enweghị ọnụ n'etiti pesonel.

Nhazi Ọdịdị

Mgbagwoju ntụ ozize "Tunguska-M" e mere maka mbibi nke ndị dị otú ahụ mgbagwoju ihe mgbaru ọsọ, dị ka helikọpta bịa na ala-na-na-efe efe na nrughari agba. The ike n'ọgbọ agha ọnọdụ, onye ọ bụla dị otú ahụ igwe nwere ike ime ka onwe ha mkpebi ndị dabeere na arụmọrụ ọnọdụ, ma nke kasị arụmọrụ a na-enweta site na iji otu ìgwè. N'ihi na nke a haziri ahazi agha kwesịrị ekwesị management Ọdịdị.

Onye ọ bụla platoon esịnede anọ ZRPK "Tunguska" antiaircraft agha egbe usoro onwem paragraf centralized iwu "Rankings" n'iwu, akpụ ọnụ na platoon, njikere Sam "Arrow", a ibu compound - mobile agha ogbunigwe antiaircraft batrị. N'aka nke ya, batrị n'okpuru ndi agha ma ọ bụ divisional management Ọdịdị.