Nhazi nke ATP na ọrụ ndu. Ọrụ nke ATP

Na mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke ahụ anyị, ọtụtụ nde ihe ndị na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme. A na-emepụta ha dị iche iche nke enzymes nke na-achọkarị ume. Ebee ka cell na-ewere ya? Enwere ike ịza ajụjụ a ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ elee anya na ngwugwu ATP, otu n'ime isi isi ike.

ATP bụ ike zuru ụwa ọnụ

A na-ahazi ATP dị ka adenosine triphosphate, ma ọ bụ adenosine triphosphoric acid. Akụrụngwa bụ otu n'ime isi ihe abụọ dị mkpa nke ike na cell ọ bụla. Ọdịdị nke ATP na ọrụ ndụ bụ njikọ chiri anya. Kasị Biochemical Jeremaya mere nwere ike iri ebe naanị na òkè nke ụmụ irighiri nke umi, karịsịa na plastic metabolism. Otú ọ dị, ATP na-adịkarịghị aka kpọmkwem na mmeghachi omume maka omume nke ọ bụla usoro na-achọ ike, na ọ na-encased na chemical nkekọ nke ATP.

Uzo nke ihe odide nke ihe abuo bu na ihe di iche n'etiti ndi phosphate na-ebu oke ume. Ya mere, a na-akpọ mmekọrịta dịka macroergic, ma ọ bụ macro-energetic (macro = nnukwu, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu). Okwu mbụ macroergic bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ F. Lipman bu ụzọ webata, o kwukwara na ọ na-eji akara значок maka aha ha.

Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na cell ahụ ga-anọgide na-enwe adenosine triphosphate. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka mkpụrụ ndụ anụ ahụ na akwara anụ ahụ, n'ihi na ha bụ ndị kasị dị ala ma chọọ nnukwu ọdịnaya nke adenosine triphosphate ịrụ ọrụ ha.

Ọdịdị nke igwe nke ATP

ATP mejupụtara atọ ọcha: ribose ebe adenin na tamin residues nke phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, nke na-ezo aka a pentose otu. Nke a pụtara na n'ime ngwakọta ribose, e nwere 5 carbon carbon nke na-ejigide na usoro okirikiri. Ribose na-ejikọta adenine nke β-N-glycosidic nkekọ na 1-st carbon. Ọzọkwa, a na-etinye residues nke phosphoric acid na etiti ise nke atọrọ ise na pentose.

Adenine bụ ntọala nitrogen. Dabere na ebe ntọala nitrogen dị na ribose, GTP (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine triphosphate), TCC (cytidine triphosphate) na UTP (uridine triphosphate) dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ihe ndị a niile yiri nke adenosine triphosphate ma mee ihe dịka otu ọrụ ahụ, mana ha anaghị adịkarị na cell.

Residues nke phosphoric acid. Ribose nwere ike ijikọta ya dịka o kwere omume site na nchịkọta atọ nke phosphoric acid. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere mmadụ abụọ maọbụ naanị, a na-akpọ ihe ahụ ADP (diphosphate) ma ọ bụ AMP (monophosphate), n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'etiti ihe ndị na-emepụta site na phosphorus na-eme ka njikọ dị na macro-ume ike, mgbe a gbapụrụ ya na 40 ruo 60 kJ ike. Ọ bụrụ na agbụ abụọ agbajiri, 80 na-ekenye ya, na ọ naghị adịkarị - 120 kJ ike. Ọ bụrụ na agbajiri njikọ dị n'etiti ribose na anụ phosphorus, ọ bụ naanị 13.8 kJ ka a tọhapụrụ, ya mere, na nsụgharị triphosphate, e nwere naanị abụọ macroergic (P ̴ P ̴ P), na otu (P ̴ P) na ngwugwu ADP.

Ndị a bụ atụmatụ nke usoro nke ATP. N'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ejikọtara njikọta macron-ume n'etiti njikọta phosphoric acid, usoro na ọrụ nke ATP nwere njikọ.

Ọdịdị nke ATP na ọrụ ndụ nke molecule. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke adenosine triphosphate

Na mgbakwunye na ike, ATP nwere ike ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na cell. Tinyere nucleotide triphosphates, triphosphate na-emetụta ihe owuwu nke acids nucleic. N'okwu a, ATP, GTP, TTF, CTF na UTP bụ ndị na-ebute ihe ndị dị na nitrogenous. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-eji na Filiks nke DNA replication na transcription.

Ọzọkwa, ATP dị mkpa maka ọrụ nke ọwa channel. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nfuli mmiri Na-Kọọ 3 nchịkwa sodium si na cell na nfuli 2 ahịrị potassium n'ime sel. A chọrọ oge ion a iji nọgide na-akwụ ụgwọ dị mma n'èzí nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ bụkwa site na adenosine triphosphate nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọwa. Otu ihe a na-emetụtakwa usoro proton na olulu calcium.

ATP bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu nke cAMP nke abụọ (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - CAMP ọ bụghị naanị na-eziputa mgbaàmà nke sel nabatara, kama ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọkpụkpụ bụ ihe ndị na-eme ngwa ma ọ bụ mee ka mmeghachi omume enzymatic dị nwayọọ. N'ihi ya, adenosine triphosphate cyclic na-egbochi aha nke enzyme nke na-eme ka ọnyá lactose dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nje.

Akụkụ ahụ nke adenosine triphosphate nwekwara ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ. Na n 'usoro yiri nke a, ATT onye na-eme ka ADP bụ: ma ọ bụrụ na triphosphate accelerates mmeghachi omume, mgbe ahụ diphosphate inhibits, na vice versa. Ndị a bụ ọrụ na atụmatụ nke ATP.

Kedu ka e si emepụta ATP na cell

Ọrụ na usoro nke ATP dịka nke a na-eji ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị ahụ eji ngwa ngwa mebie. Ya mere, njikọ nke triphosphate bụ usoro dị mkpa nke ike ọgbọ na cell.

E nwere ụzọ atọ kachasị mkpa nke njikọ nke adenosine triphosphate:

1. Ngwurugwu phosphorylation.

2. Njikọ phosphorylation.

3. Photophosphorylation.

Ngwurugwu phosphorylation dabeere na otutu mmeghachi omume na-eme na cytoplasm nke cell. Mmeghachi omume ndị a na-akpọ glycolysis - anaerobic ogbo nke aerobic respiration. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, otu okirikiri nke glycolysis si 1 glucose molekul na-synthesized abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke pyruvic acid na-n'ihu iji na-emepụta ike, na abụọ synthesized ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Oxidative phosphorylation. Na-egbu mkpụrụ ndụ

Igho phosphorylation na-emepụta ihe bụ ikuku adenosine triphosphate site na nnyefe eletrik site na skegharị electron nke akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ihi nke a, a na-emepụta proton gradient n'otu akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ, a na-ejikwa ngwongwo protein ATP synthase wuru ya. Usoro ahụ na-aga n'ihu na akpụkpọ ahụ mitochondrial.

Usoro usoro nke glycolysis na oxidative phosphorylation na mitochondria bụ usoro nkịtị a na-akpọ respiration. Mgbe ngwakọta nke 1 glucose, mkpụrụ mole ATP 36 dị na cell.

Photophosphorylation

Usoro photophosphorylation bụ otu phosphorylation oxidative ahụ nwere naanị otu ọdịiche: mmeghachi omume photophosphorylation na-ewere ọnọdụ na chloroplasts nke cell n'okpuru nduzi nke ìhè. A na-eme ATP n'oge ìhè nke photosynthesis - usoro isi nke inweta ume sitere na osisi ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, algae na ụfọdụ bacteria.

Na usoro nke photosynthesis, electrons na-agafe otu ugbo ugbo eletrọn, nke a na-esi na ya emepụta proton gradient. Ịta nke protons n'otu akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ bụ isi iyi nke ATP synthesis. A na-achịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ site n'aka ATP synthase enzyme.

Ezigbo mmasị banyere ATP

- Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'ime sel nwere 0.04% adenosine triphosphate si n'ozuzu ya. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ uru kasịnụ n'ime sel ahụ: 0.2-0.5%.

- E nwere ihe dị ka ijeri ATP n'otu sel.

- Ngwurugwu nke ọ bụla anaghị adị ndụ karịa 1 nkeji.

- A na-agbanwe otu mkpụrụ osisi nke adenosine triphosphate kwa ụbọchị 2000-3000 ugboro.

- Na ngụkọta maka otu ụbọchị, ahụ mmadụ na-emepụta 40 kg nke adenosine triphosphate, n'oge ọ bụla, ATP bụ 250 g.

Mmechi

Uzo nke ATP na ihe omumu nke ihe omuma ya bu ihe jikotara ha. Akụrụngwa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro ndụ, n'ihi na njikọ macroergic dị n'etiti ebe obibi phosphate nwere nnukwu ume. Adenosine triphosphate na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na cell, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-echebara ihe ahụ ụta mgbe nile. Mgbochi na njikọ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ, ebe ọ bụ na ejiri ike na-eme ihe mgbe niile na mmeghachi omume nke ndụ. Ọ bụ ihe dị oké mkpa nke sel ọ bụla. N'ebe a, ma eleghị anya, na ihe niile a ga-ekwu maka ụdị ihe ATP nwere.