Nizhny Novgorod: akụkọ banyere obodo ahụ (nchịkọta), photos, nlegharị anya

Russia nwere ya nke mbụ ya isi obodo, omenala obodo na "mba n'akpa uwe" - ya mere na a na-akpọ Nizhny Novgorod. History nke obodo bụ controversial n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme. Kama, ihe ịsụ ngọngọ nke na-abụghị nke ukwuu na ụbọchị nke ntọala nke otú ajụjụ nke ihe dị ọnọdụ tupu Lower akukonsinooge-egosi na ihe mere aha "Novgorod" a na-etinye na-elekọta nkọwapụta "ala".

ike Russia

Year nke ntọala nke obodo a na-atụle ga-1221 nke. N'afọ na-esonụ, mgbe a ọma nkuzi megide Volga Bulgars Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich iwu ka obodo na ọnụ nke na Oka River, "Ekwuru ike rus mkpa." Ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị na-ekwu na o nyere iwu ka a "ọhụrụ obodo", n'ihi ya aha. Ma e nwere ndị ọzọ nsụgharị nke ntoputa nke aha. On otu n'ime ha, a n'obodo ọhụrụ malite iwu na saịtị nke Mordovian mmezi, na ndị ọzọ Nizhny Novgorod natara aha na njikọ ya na ọnọdụ: ọ e wuru na Volga n'okpuru ochie obodo.

E nwere a version na ọhụrụ obodo pawned a ọtụtụ n'akụkụ osimiri, na ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha, nyere abụọ aha. Agbanyeghị, a ọhụrụ mmezi aha ya bụ Nizhny Novgorod, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ aha na-ezo n'ihi na ọtụtụ narị afọ, ikekwe e a akukonsinooge oge ochie afọ, prolyuschaya ìhè ajụjụ a.

Na mbụ wuru earthworks na osisi Kremlin, n'oge ọ bụ iji na-anakọta squad na-enye ya ndo. Ọzọkwa a emeri na ebe ọ bụ adaba ichughachiazu ọgụ nke agha ebo niile na-eje ije na ike ike mkpọsa. Mgbe afọ ole na ole n'ime ndị e wusiri ike nwere too ogologo nkume ọcha n'ụlọ nsọ n'ebe a na malitere Nizhny Novgorod.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, obere njem ọdịnaya

Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-ewu nke Kremlin obodo malitere na-eto eto na-eji site bipụta nzube nke ya dị njikere. Na 1226 ọ meriri n'ọtụtụ ógbè ya niile Erzya agha ìgwè Svyatoslav na Ivan, bụ nwanne nke Grand Duke. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị bụ ọzọ mgbalị mmeri Zyryanskaya obodo nta dị mkpọsa a napụta nwa nwanne nke Grand Duke na ya Governor. ịga nke ọma nke ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị, ma nke a bụ eziokwu bụ na nnọọ ole na ole ndị mmadụ kwụsịrị. Na 1229, n'oge oyi, na-Grand Duke mere na mbuso agha n'ime onwunwe nke eze Erzyan Purgasa ebe meriri. Purgas ghara ịnọgide na-ụgwọ na-na April nke otu afọ mere ihe ọma agha na ndị Nizhny Novgorod.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo (na a nchịkọta nke ya zuru gbasiri amụ folios emere n'ubọchi gosi na nke a) bụ replete na agha mkpọsa. Nke a na-egosi ndị dị mkpa ozi nke obodo. Obodo ebe bụ nnọọ adaba si ele ihe anya nke agha atụmatụ. Na otu aka, na Kremlin e wuru n'ugwu All, nke anya abụọ waterways. N'aka nke ọzọ, obodo ahụ nwere a eke nchedo n'ụdị nkpoda bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Volga, mgbe niile na-eyi egwu ịdakpọsị na obibia ha a ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ. Grand Duke chọrọ rụzuru, dabeere na Russian na-eche nche, ma Tatar-Mongol horde mere onye ọ bụla tụleghachi atụmatụ.

Feudalism na Russian

Ebe ọ bụ na Nizhny Novgorod e nsogbu na ókè-ala nke Russia na-agụghị oké e wusiri ike, ọ na-chere na Mongol-Tatars ọkụ obodo ahụ n'oge mbuso agha, iji gosi ma ọ bụ ịgbagha a ọtụtụ ndị chere na-agaghị ekwe omume, e dere na isi mmalite na e chebere. Ha luru ya ngwa ngwa, budata ike ramparts. N'oge ya ogologo na narị afọ n'obodo ugboro ugboro sitewo n'aka n'aka n'etiti Russian-isi. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 13, e nwere Gorodetsky ihe gbasara onye isi, chịa nwa Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nizhny Novgorod banyere ya.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, a nchịkọta nke nwere ike hụrụ na peeji nke ochie, na-ekwu na ná mmalite narị afọ nke 14, ndị ihe gbasara onye isi nke Gorodetsky kpamkpam gafere n'okpuru ikike nke Vladimir onyeisi. The alụ maka a emeri na ebe akwụsịghị: ke 1311-isi nke Moscow Yuri weghaara Nizhny Novgorod na kụrụ ya ibu eze nke nne-ya Boris.

Achị kere ruo ọnwụ nke onye-isi. Na 1320, obodo ọzọ bịara n'ime onwunwe nke Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi. Mgbe ahụ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia bịara n'oge ọjọọ nke mmeri, ebe Russian isi na Mongol-Tatar mmeri kewara ala, wụnye ọhụrụ onwunwe ókè site agha mkpọsa. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 15, naanị n'oge a ka a dịtụ mụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta peacetime. Moscow Prince Vasily m definitively weghaara obodo ya ihe gbasara onye isi. The na-agbawa obi agha emeghị akwụsị, ma na narị afọ nke 16 malitere iwu nke nkume Kremlin kama nke osisi. Ọ bụ ugbu a a isi njegharị mma n'ihi na ndị bi na ọbịa Nizhny Novgorod. Photos nke obodo, e nwere na-adọrọ mmasị galore, ma isi bụ ebe e wusiri ike. Dị ka oge nke na-ewu nkume Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin coeval nke Moscow.

Semiboyarshina

Na 1605, nwụrụ Tsar Boris Godunov, na ọnwụ ya bịara na oge nsogbu. Nsi anyaụfụ ọchịagha Skopin-Shuisky na 1610 akwalitewo onyeisi internecine agha, ọnọdụ esighi na-uru nke Polish gentry. Na Moscow, ọ Mmeri na-akpọ Seven Boyars: na-agba izu, The Ọkaakaa boyars kwetara na isi obodo nke Polish King Sigismund.

N'otu oge Nizhny Novgorod sabo ekekọtawo na Swedish ọchịagha Gustavus Adolphus, ka ya na ya na ndị agha ya na obodo. Ya mere, Nizhny Novgorod e Sacked na Moscow ghọrọ namestnichat nwa nke Polish King Sigismund, Vladislav. Kasị nke Russian Izrel tamuru ntamu megide mba ọzọ na-achị, ghọrọ mgbapụta nke Nizhny Novgorod.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, a nchịkọta nke ntọhapụ ije

Moscow bụ isi obodo na obi nke mba, ọ bụ na ogbenye ọnọdụ. Vladislav kpara mba, mmebi iwu, flouted ọtọdọks okwukwe. Moscow boyars jụrụ Sigismund ghọọ onye na-achị Russia, ma ọ na-emegide ndị Onyeisi Hermogenes. O dere, sị mkpegharị na zigara ha ebe obibi. N'ebe ahụ ka ha ghọrọ dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na - agụ mkpọsa na n'ámá, ha fùa oku maka ntọhapụ ije. Hermogenes e weghaara ma ama na nwụrụ dungeons nke agụụ. Nke a bu eziokwu nyere ịrị elu ogologo-matured enupụrụ mba ọzọ na-achị.

Na isi nke ije malitere Nizhny Novgorod: ahịa Kozma Minin na agha na aha nke Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Na February 1612 ndị agha na-arahụ na ntọhapụ nke Moscow, na ụzọ tọhapụrụ Yaroslavl guzo n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe August. Site na njedebe nke oge okpomọkụ agha gaa ije Moscow, ma, ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta efu, okporo osisi gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. The remnants nke Polish agha a kpọchiri na Kremlin ma na-ahụ na-azara ọnụ na China Town. Agha Dmitriya Pozharskogo were iwe ọkụ China Town na kụrụ aka na iro. Foduru nke Polish mwakpo okụrede n'azụ mgbidi nke Kremlin. Nnọchibido nke ndị Kremlin mgbidi adịteghị, okporo osisi ghọtara na enweghị olileanya nke ya na ọnọdụ na nyefere. Ya mere Minin na Pozharsky zọpụta Moscow na Russia site na ndị mwakpo ahụ na na nkwado nke ndị niile.

akụkọ ihe mere eme ikpe ziri ezi

The feat nke Minin na Pozharsky, nakwa dị ka dum mba ije otuto Nizhny Novgorod. Photo ma ọ bụ Moscow ncheta Minin na Pozharsky mara bụla amaala nke Russia. Nizhny Novgorod anakọtara ego maka ọzọ nke ụwa ncheta mba dike, iji wụnye ya na Nizhny Novgorod. Ma, ọ e arụnyere na Red Square na Moscow, na Nizhny Novgorod ka nwetara naanị ihe obelisk, nke e mefuru ndị mmadụ ego.

Imezu ọchịchọ nke ụmụ amaala bụ naanị na 2005, mgbe Zurab Tsereteli igba oyiri nke Moscow ncheta, na ya arụnyere na isi square nke a obodo dị Nizhni Novgorod. Photos of a ncheta nwere ike ugbu a n'ebe nile n'uwa, bi were eziokwu a dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme eziokwu na ndị na-ezi ezi mpako nke ndị dike ha.

The heyday nke obodo

Mgbe a nsogbu oge na mba na-abịa nkwụsi ike na-agbawa okooko amalite Nizhny Novgorod. Ifịk ifịk imepe ahia, ewu, ugbo, ịkụ azụ. Wuru na-ano, crafts natara a ọhụrụ ume na-asọ ka ebe nile ọganihu. Nke a na-facilitated site obodo obi na Makary ngosi. Peter m, onye na 1722 na-eme ememe ya iri ise ncheta, kpebiri na-ebu na mgbanwe. Ugbu a gaa n'ihu, Nizhny Novgorod ghọrọ isi obodo Nizhny Novgorod achị. Na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 18, obodo meghere a na-ere ọgwụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, obibi, ọha na ụlọ akwụkwọ na mbụ nkiri na Russia. Ma, ọ bụ oge na mba ozize megide Napoleon agha.

The agha Napoleon, ọkụ Moscow mere obodo a ebe mmezi nke ọtụtụ eminent ụmụ amaala. N'oge ahụ e kwuru na isi obodo ga-nyefee Nizhny Novgorod. N'oge a, obodo meghere a edemede gburugburu, nke bụ idé nke Karamzin nm, Batyushkov KN na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama nka nke okwu. Nizhny Novgorod agha ghara ihere ebe nchekwa nke Minin na Pozharsky na kwesịrị nsọpụrụ buso ndị mwakpo.

The ọlaedo afọ nke mmepe na-enwe ọganihu nke Nizhny Novgorod bụ eziokwu na nyefe Makarevskoy fairs na obodo. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ọ bịara mara dị ka "Russia si n'akpa uwe." N'ime ọnwa trading na bụla bụ nwa afọ bi nwere itoolu bịara ọhụrụ. Trades na Nizhny Novgorod Fair ekara mba price nke gold, furs, silver na ndị ọzọ. Na n'otu oge ahụ, ọtụtụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè edoghi e nyere trading n'ala, nke ike ọnọdụ nke obodo, na ahia nweela ọhụrụ ọkụ bụ ugbua na ụwa. Zụọ ahịa Egwulegwu, na ugbu a na-achọ Nizhny Novgorod. Photo-egosi ịma mma nke ndị agadi ụlọ na akporo nke ewu. Fairground ogige ndị dị ịrịba ama.

Mgbanwe na Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya

Mgbanwe dịghị onye bịara mfe ka Nizhniy Novgorod ọhụrụ ugboro bịara ozugbo - ọdịda nke 1917. Rome onye na-achị revolutionary pụta Nizhny Novgorod bụ Maksim Gorky (na-eje ije), a local nwa afọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, November 7, 1932, obodo renamed obodo Gorky. The oge mgbe mgbanwe na tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-akara site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke obodo.

Na May 1930 malitere na-ewu nke ụgbọala osisi, na dechara ya n'ime afọ abụọ. Ná mmalite, ndị Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ) emepụta lorries, ulo oru na mmepụta nke njem ụgbọala na a ọnwa ole na ole. Na 1933, a akwa gafee Oka River na n'ụzọ zuru ezu ejikọta akụkụ abụọ nke obodo, a obere ka e mesịrị n'otu afọ, e tinyere n'ime ọrụ mmiri gafee Volga.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1941, dum ụlọ ọrụ na-agba ọsọ na nsọtụ nke obibia nke Victory. Volunteers na-zigara n'ihu. On ụlọ osisi wuru na-etinye n'ime mmepụta ọhụrụ technology aghụghọ - na armored ụgbọala. N'oge agha na Gorky emepụta n'ógbè tankị, ngwá agha, ihe-agha, na-akwadebe agha cadres. Ọ bụ na Gorky Automobile Plant na agha afọ na oru na nke "Victory" mmepụta nke kpara ụgbọ ala.

Mgbe agha, ndụ na obodo na-ewu, ụlọ ọrụ mepụtara, bụ nke ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ. N'ihi nke a, na 1959 obodo ahụ wee na-emechi ka nleta na ọnụnọ nke ụmụ amaala obodo ọzọ na-apụghị ịdabere na mmadụ. Nke a ọnọdụ napụrụ 90s nke narị afọ nke 20, mgbe obodo laghachi ya akụkọ aha - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos of n'obodo, nlegharị anya nke ochie replenished rụzuru na mmeri nke anyị grandfathers.

modernity

Nizhny Novgorod ekewa asatọ distrikti, nsogbu na ma bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Oka. The ochie akụkụ nke obodo bụ azụmahịa na omenala n'etiti, a lekwasịrị anya mmiri, itieutom, ụlọ ihe nkiri. Ọhụrụ akụkụ, a na-akpọ District, lekwasị ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ na residential ebe. The obodo bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ. Communication n'etiti akụkụ nke obodo-enye ise àkwà mmiri, otu onye n'ime ha na-eburu Volga, na ọzọ bụ a àkwà mmiri na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko. The njem nleta mgbe niile nwere a mere ileta Nizhny Novgorod.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ na ndị nlegharị anya na-lekwasị ke ochie akụkụ nke obodo na-emeghe oghere. Visitors obi ụtọ igosi aha Central square nke Minin na Pozharsky, kpọrọ na-eje ije akụkọ ihe mere eme isi n'okporo ámá Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, ugbu a ọ na-eje ije. The obodo na-emepe emepe, na-amụba ya ulo oru nwere, ọhụrụ ụlọ na ụlọ ala na-ewu. Ịzụlite ọhụrụ ebe ọrụ, ifịk ifịk na-akwado site njem.

nlegharị anya

Ọ bụla njem nleta chọrọ ịhụ ihe dị ka o kwere omume na-emetụ ndị mere eme na ebe. Na Russia maka mba ọzọ ndị njem nleta na ya mgbe niile a ga-enwe ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-eche, ịtụnanya. Na a nnọọ oké ọnụ ahịa n'ihi na ọchịchọ ịmata - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos nke obodo ahụ na-adọrọ mmasị na jikwaa anya n'ihi na na-abụkarị kama mkpirikpi njem, na-ọma ẹnịm na aka icheta okwu nke ndu ma ọ bụ ndị enyi banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo.

Pearl nke Nizhny Novgorod bụ oge ochie Kremlin. Na dum akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ya adị, onye ọ bụla nke ndị mwakpo na-jikwaa merie. Banye Kremlin nwere ike Dmitrovskie n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá na-emi odude na square nke Minin na Pozharsky. Ị ga-hoo haa na-eje ije n'okporo Chkalov steepụ. Ọ bụ ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ steepụ na Volga, o nwere 560 nzọụkwụ.

Obodo oge ochie nke ụlọ arụsị ga-iju ndi njem nke oge ochie ije, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ. Na Nizhny Novgorod, e nwere 3 monasteries: Abaitiat na Annunciation - ikom obibi ndị mọnk na convent Krestvozdvizhensky - nwanyị. The kasị elu temple nke Volga region, 80 mita, na Aleksandra Nevskogo Cathedral, emi odude n'ime obodo.

Ọ dịghị obere na-akpali ma oge a rụzuru: ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ cable ụgbọ ala a tụba gafee Volga na Nizhny Novgorod. Ngụkọta ogologo 3661 mita, e tinyere n'ime ọrụ na 2012. Nti ebe okenye na ụmụaka bụ a locomotive ngosi nka n'okpuru oghe igwe. Admission bụ free, i nwere ike ịhụ ihe niile ugbo ala site n'ime, ịhụ otú na ihe na-arụ ọrụ. A otutu akpali na-atụghị anya na-akwadebe Nizhny Novgorod.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ ga-emeghe na ihe ngosi nka, na nso nso weghachiri manor Rukavishnikov. Ọzọkwa nke mmasị: Museum of Art, Museum nke mba crafts, foto Russian Museum na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị bụ ebe.

Ndị a ma ama nke

ndị mmadụ kere Nizhny Novgorod. N'oge dị iche iche e amuru oké ọrụ nkà, dere, echepụta. Ọ mụrụ ebe a na biri Kulibin mara ụgbọ na nchepụta. Minin na Pozharsky mere agha ebube nke Russia. Na nke a mara mma obodo mụrụ Lobachevsky, shuga n'ókè, Ilyinsky.

Emebi otuto obodo Nizhny Novgorod: onye dere Gorky pilot Chkalov, omee Eugene Evstigneev. Ọtụtụ ndị dike nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya nyere mba Nizhny Novgorod. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ na foto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na dịkọrọ ndụ na saịtị na Okirikiri ga na-ụtọ echeta maka njem na ga-ejikere a ọchịchọ-abịa ọzọ.